- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
This section discusses main verbs that can take a bare infinitival clause as a complement, such as the modal verb moetenmust or the perception verb ziento see in (605); the bare infinitival complements of these verbs are italicized. That the italicized phrases function as complements of the verbs moeten and zien is clear from the fact that they can be pronominalized, as in the primed examples.
| a. | Jan moet dat boek lezen. | ||
| Jan must that book read | |||
| 'Jan must read that book.' | |||
| a'. | Jan moet dat. | ||
| Jan must that | |||
| 'Jan must do that.' | |||
| b. | Ik | zag | Jan | dat boek | lezen. | ||||
| I | saw | Jan | that book | read | |||||
| 'I saw Jan read that book.' | |||||||||
| b'. | Ik | zag | dat. | ||||||
| I | saw | that | |||||||
| 'I saw that.' | |||||||||
The constructions given in the primeless examples in (605) exhibit monoclausal behavior. First, the primeless examples in (606) show that the verbs moeten and zien are able to split their infinitival complement when they are in clause-final position, i.e. that they induce verb clustering. Second, the primed examples show that these constructions exhibit the infinitivus-pro-participio (IPP) effect in the perfect tense.
| a. | dat | Jan een/het boek | moet | lezen. | |
| that | Jan a/the book | must | read | ||
| 'that Jan had to read a/the book.' | |||||
| a'. | dat | Jan een/het boek | heeft | moeten/*gemoeten | lezen. | |
| that | Jan a/the book | has | mustinf/mustpart | read | ||
| 'that Jan has had to read a/the book.' | ||||||
| b. | dat | ik | Jan een/het boek | zie | lezen. | |
| that | I | Jan a/the book | see | read | ||
| 'that I see Jan read a/the book.' | ||||||
| b'. | dat | ik | Jan een/het boek | heb | zien/*gezien | lezen. | |
| that | I | Jan a/the book | have | see/seen | read | ||
| 'that I have seen Jan read a book.' | |||||||
Although all this may seem relatively straightforward, it is not always immediately clear whether a given verb actually takes a bare infinitival clause as its complement or not. The reason for this is that bare infinitives are not always heads of infinitival clauses, but can also be used as heads of bare-inf nominalizations. The examples in ( 607 ) show that this is especially true when the infinitive is monadic or takes an indefinite nominal complement; bare-inf nominalizations with definite nominal complements are usually less felicitous. See Sections N14.3.1 and N15.2.3 for a detailed discussion of nominalization.
| a. | Praten | is vermoeiend. | |
| talk | is tiring | ||
| 'Talking is tiring.' | |||
| b. | Boeken/Een boek | lezen | is altijd | leuk. | |
| books/a book | read | is always | nice | ||
| 'Reading books/a book is always nice.' | |||||
| c. | ?? | De boeken/het boek | lezen | is altijd | leuk. |
| the books/the book | read | is always | nice | ||
| 'Reading the books/the book is always nice.' | |||||
As a result of these two uses of bare infinitives, it can sometimes be difficult to tell whether a given main verb takes a bare infinitival clause or a bare-inf nominalization as its complement. We will therefore first discuss constructions with the verb lerento learn/teach, which may be ambiguous if they contain a bare infinitive; this will show that verbal and nominal bare infinitives differ systematically as indicated in Table (608); these properties can thus be used as diagnostics for determining the categorial status of bare infinitives.
| infinitival clause | nominalization | ||
| I | is part of the verbal complex | + | — |
| II | precedes/follows the governing verb | typically follows | precedes |
| III | triggers IPP-effect | + | — |
| IV | allows focus movement | — | + |
| V | may follow negative adverb niet ‘not’ | + | — |
| Vi | can be preceded by the article geen ‘no’ | — | + |
Having established the characteristic properties of bare infinitival complement clauses, we will continue with a discussion of a number of subclasses of verbs that (possibly) take a bare infinitival clause as their complement. In addition to leren in (609a), this section will also discuss the verb classes in (609b-e).
| a. | The verb leren ‘to learn/teach’ |
| b. | Modal verbs: moeten ‘must’, kunnen ‘may’, willen ‘to want’, etc. |
| c. | Perception verbs: zien ‘to see’, horen ‘to hear’, voelen ‘to feel’, etc. |
| d. | Verbs of causation/permission: laten ‘to make/let’, doen ‘to make’ |
| e. | The verbs hebben ‘to have’ and krijgen ‘to get’ |
