The fact that Dutch has a relatively free word order in the middle field of the clause has received a lot of attention in pre-generative frameworks: cf. Verhagen (1986) and Haeseryn et al. (1997: §21) for good descriptive reviews of the results of this research; cf. also Jansen (2009) for a more recent discussion. This fact has also been noticed early in generative research (cf. Kerstens 1975), but it has taken some time to realize that the attested word-order variation is not the result of a single generic scrambling rule, but of several different kinds of movement. A first step towards this realization was the discovery in Van den Berg (1978) and De Haan (1979) that nominal argument shift, discussed in Section 13.2, plays an important role in demarcating a division between the presupposition and the focus of the clause, i.e. between discourse-old and discourse-new information; cf. Verhagen (1986), Broekhuis (2008), and Section N21.4 for further references to the literature on nominal argument shift since then.

The claim that nominal argument shift (A-scrambling) should be distinguished from the various types of A'-scrambling discussed in Section 13.3 was vigorously defended in Neeleman (1994a/1994b). A further push in generative research was Haegeman’s work on negation movement; this research culminated in Haegeman (1995), which argued that at least some types of clause-internal movement are semantically motivated and, following earlier work published as Rizzi (1996), also provided a general theoretical framework within which A'-scrambling could be studied. Unfortunately, research on A'-scrambling has been slow to take off, and most of the results obtained so far are controversial. For example, it is not yet clear whether the different types of A'-scrambling target a specific designated position, as would be predicted by Haegeman’s framework, or whether they involve free adjunction curtailed by various general constraints, as claimed in Neeleman & Van de Koot (2008) and Van de Koot (2009). Nor is it clear whether the various types of A'-scrambling are obligatorily, a possibility suggested in Haegeman (1995) and defended in Barbiers (2010/2014) for Dutch focus movement, or whether they are essentially optional, as argued in Neeleman & Van de Koot (2008) based on English contrastive focus constructions.

The fact, discussed in Section 13.4, that weak proforms are usually located in the left periphery of the middle field of the clause (immediately following the subject if it is not clause-initial) is also widely recognized; cf. Huybregts (1991) for a good overview of their syntactic behavior. However, theoretically oriented research on this issue is limited and, again, has not yet led to a generally accepted analysis; cf. Haegeman (1993a/1993b) and Zwart (1993/1996) for partially compatible proposals.

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