Two examples are given below in which the argument of the predication is not of the category NP.

The first example involves an argument of the category AP which receives a propositional interpretation. It gets an interpretation in terms of having rather than being. The second example involves an argument of the category NP, but again the NP receives a propositional interpretation. Here the interpretation suggests being rather than having.

PPs and sentences can also occur in argument position, but they are normally found at the end of the clause. In that case, the dummy pronoun et ‘it’ occupies the subject position. The dummy pronoun is the third person neuter pronoun. The following example features the dummy pronoun in subject position, and a PP at the end of the clause to which the dummy pronoun refers (both in bold):

The sentence could also be paraphrased without the place holder, as follows:

Sentences likewise occasionally occur in argument position, but normally the placeholder, the dummy pronoun, shows up and the sentence occurs at the end of the clause:

The dummy pronoun is the reduced form et ‘it’ in the first example and the full form dät ‘it’ in the second one above. The dummy placeholder almost always shows up in subject position, rarely in object position.

The argument can also be realised as an infinitival clause, with the dummy pronoun in subject position.

Although the dummy pronoun is usually absent from the object position, it is generally present in the position of adpositional object. Third person neuter pronouns realised as adpositional objects take the form of locative pronouns. Hence the dummy pronoun for an adposition is deer ‘there’. An example is given below:

Alternatively, it is also regularly the case that the PP argument of an adjective is completely left out, and the infinitival clause appears without dummy pronoun. An example is given below:

Here the adposition fon ‘of’ and its complement have been omitted, as is clear from the following example:

Infinitival clauses functioning as direct objects, like their tensed counterparts, tend not to be doubled by dummy pronouns in argument position.

To summarise, embedded clauses occur at the end of the clause containing them. If they function as subject, the dummy pronoun fills the subject position but not the object position. For PPs containing a dummy argument, either the PP as a whole is left out in the presence of a clause, or the Adposition appears preceded by the dummy pronoun deer ‘there, it’. The fact that dummy pronouns are much more frequent in subject position than in object position is an example of the many subject-object asymmetries which exist across languages.