- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
Non-spatial/temporal adverbial PPs like those in (97) behave like spatial and temporal adverbial PPs: they can be topicalized and undergo PP-over-V, but they do not allow R-extraction.
| a. | dat | Jan | dankzij | haar hulp | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. | |
| that | Jan | thanks.to | her help | his work | can | finish | ||
| 'that Jan can finish his work thanks to her help.' | ||||||||
| b. | dat | de reis | vanwege de kou | wordt | afgelast. | |
| that | the trip | because.of the cold | is | canceled | ||
| 'that the trip is canceled because of the cold.' | ||||||
The examples in (98) show that topicalization of a non-spatial/temporal adverbial phrase is possible.
| a. | Dankzij | haar hulp | kan | Jan zijn werk | afmaken. | |
| thanks.to | her help | can | Jan his work | finish |
| b. | Vanwege de kou | wordt | de reis | afgelast. | |
| because of the cold | is | the trip | canceled |
As with spatial and temporal adverbial phrases, the term scrambling does not apply to non-spatial/temporal adverbial phrases. We can simply assume that such adverbial phrases occupy their base-position in the middle field of the clause. However, the order between the adverbial phrases does matter since it has an impact on the semantics of the clause. This is especially clear when a modal clausal adverb like waarschijnlijk is involved. Consider the examples in (99).
| a. | Jan kan waarschijnlijk | dankzij | haar hulp | zijn werk | afmaken. | |
| Jan can probably | thanks.to | her help | his work | finish | ||
| 'Jan can probably finish his work thanks to her help.' | ||||||
| a'. | Jan kan | dankzij | haar hulp | waarschijnlijk | zijn werk | afmaken. | |
| Jan can | thanks.to | her help | probably | his work | finish | ||
| 'Thanks to her help Jan can probably finish his work.' | |||||||
| b. | De reis | wordt | waarschijnlijk | vanwege de kou | afgelast. | |
| the trip | is | probably | because.of the cold | canceled | ||
| 'The trip is probably canceled because of the cold.' | ||||||
| b'. | De reis | wordt | vanwege de kou | waarschijnlijk | afgelast. | |
| the trip | is | because.of the cold | probably | canceled | ||
| 'Because of the cold the trip is probably canceled.' | ||||||
Semantically, the primeless and primed examples differ as to relative scope of the modal adverb and the adverbial PPs: the adverbial PPs are within the scope of the clausal adverbial in the primeless examples, but not in the primed examples. This brings out the following meaning differences: example (99a) expresses that Jan will finish his work and that this is probably possible thanks to her help, while (99a') expresses that thanks to her help Jan will probably finish his work; example (99b) expresses that the trip will be canceled and that this is probably because of the cold, while (99b') expresses that because of the cold the trip will probably be canceled. The easiest way to explain these differences is to assume that the adverbial phrase can be base-generated in either a position inside or outside the scope of the modal (which would then correspond to the position to the right or the left of the modal, respectively).
The examples in (100) show that PP-over-V of the non-spatial/temporal PPs is possible.
| a. | dat | Jan | zijn werk | kan | afmaken | dankzij haar hulp. | |
| that | Jan | his work | can | finish | thanks.to her help | ||
| 'that Jan can finish his work thanks to her help.' | |||||||
| b. | dat | de reis | wordt | afgelast | vanwege de kou. | |
| that | the trip | is | canceled | because.of the cold | ||
| 'that the trip is canceled because of the cold.' | ||||||
If two (non-spatial/temporal) PPs are strictly ordered in the middle field of the clause, the order is reversed under PP-over-V. This is illustrated in (101).
| a. | Jan heeft | wegens ziekte van de voorzitter | namens de commissie | gesproken. | |
| Jan has | because.of illness of the chairman | in.name.of the committee | spoken | ||
| 'Jan spoke on behalf of the committee due to illness of the chairman.' | |||||
| a'. | * | Jan heeft namens de commissie wegens ziekte van de voorzitter gesproken. |
| b. | Jan heeft gesproken namens de commissie wegens ziekte van de voorzitter. |
| b'. | * | Jan heeft gesproken wegens ziekte van de voorzitter namens de commissie. |
R-extraction from non-spatial/temporal PPs is generally excluded, because such adverbial PPs usually do not allow the process of R-pronominalization. This is illustrated in (102).
| a. | dat | Jan | dankzij haar hulp | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. | |
| that | Jan | thanks.to her help | his work | can | finish |
| a'. | * | dat | Jan daar | dankzij | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. |
| that | Jan there | thanks.to | his work | can | finish |
| b. | dat | de reis | vanwege de kou | wordt | afgelast. | |
| that | the trip | because.of the cold | is | canceled |
| b'. | * | dat | de reis | daar | vanwege | wordt | afgelast. |
| that | the trip | there | because | is | canceled |
However, there are a number of PPs which are traditionally considered to be adverbial in nature, but which still allow R-extraction. An example is the instrumental met-PP in (103). We will return to such cases in Section 36.2.1, sub III.
| a. | Jan opende | het blik | met een schroevendraaier. | |
| Jan opened | the can | with a screw driver |
| b. | Jan opende | er | het blik | mee. | |
| Jan opened | there | the can | with | ||
| 'Jan opened the can with it.' | |||||
