The theoretical background of verb placement in main and embedded clauses has been discussed in Section 10.1, sub III. Classical key studies that have led to the current view on this topic are Paardekooper (1961/1986), Koster (1975), Den Besten (1983) and Zwart (1993/1997); cf. Zwart (2011: §9&10) for a detailed overview. We have adopted Zwart’s (1993/1997) hypotheses that in main clauses the finite verb is moved from its clause-final position into the verb-second position, i.e. the T-position (in subject-initial sentences) or the C-position (in all other cases); cf. the discussion of the structures in (23) in Section 11.1, sub VI. The specifier position of the CP can remain (phonetically) empty, producing the V1-constructions discussed in Section 11.2, or it can be filled by wh-movement, producing the V2-constructions discussed in Section 11.3. Wh-movement has been of interest since the advent of generative grammar, and is one of the cornerstones of Chomsky’s (1975) transformational analysis (a first version of which circulated in the mid-1950s). The study of the conditions on wh-movement in wh-questions in e.g. Ross (1967) and Chomsky (1973) eventually led to the conclusion in Chomsky (1977) that they are not only applicable to question formation, but are characteristic of a wider set of movements involving the clause-initial position in the formation of a wide range of constructions, including those discussed in Section 11.3: wh-questions, relative clauses, topicalization constructions, wh-exclamatives, and comparative dan/als-phrases. Since wh-movement has remained one of the main foci of generative research, it would be presumptuous to think that we could present here a representative discussion of the main literature on this topic. Therefore, we refer the reader to some representative reviews dealing with wh-movement and the locality conditions on its application: Van Riemsdijk & Williams (1986: Part II), Szabolcsi & Den Dikken (2003), Szabolsci (2006), Cheng & Corver (2006b), Müller (2011), Boeckx (2012), Den Dikken & Lahne (2013), and Szabolcsi & Lohndal (2017). Diachronic (and comparative) corpus research on long wh-movement of all types of wh-constructions except exclamatives can be found in Schippers (2012) and Schippers & Hoeksema (2021). For discussions of multiple wh-questions, reconstruction, and wh-phases in situ, see Van Riemsdijk & Williams (1986: §13), Dayal (2006/2017), Bayer (2006), and Sportiche (2006/2017). Parasitic gaps have received much attention since Engdahl (1983) and Chomsky (1982: §4; 1986a: §10); cf. Culicover (2001) for a detailed review. Important studies on parasitic gaps in Dutch and German are Bennis & Hoekstra (1984), Huybregts & Van Riemsdijk (1985), Webelhuth (1989/1992); cf. also Broekhuis (2008: §2.1.1) and Zwart (2011:213ff.) for relevant discussions.

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