- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- I. Nominalizations derived from intransitive verbs
- II. Nominalizations derived from unaccusative verbs
- III. Nominalizations derived from transitive verbs
- IV. Nominalizations derived from ditransitive verbs
- V. Nominalizations derived from verbs with a PP-complement
- VI. Nominalizations derived from verbs with a complementive
Table (426) shows that the agent argument of nominalizations derived from an intransitive verb is optionally realized as a postnominal van-PP or, if the agent is [+human], as a prenominal genitive noun phrase/possessive pronoun. The only exceptions are er and bare-inf nouns: er-nouns do not take an agentive argument, because the agent is represented by the suffix –er. With bare-inf nouns, expressing the agent seems to lead to a marginal result at best. The table does not include examples of ing-nominalizations because they do not take intransitive verbs as input.
| pattern | example | translation | |
| er | N | wandelaar | walker |
| det-inf | det + N + van-PP | het lachen van Jan | the laughing by Jan |
| NPs/pronoun + N | Jans/zijn lachen | Jan’s/his laughing | |
| bare-inf | N + (??van-PP) | lachen (??van Jan) | laughing (by Jan) |
| ing | — | — | — |
| ge | N + van-PP | het gelach van Jan | the laughter of Jan |
| NPs/pronoun + N | Jans/zijn gelach | Jan’s/his laughter |
Table (427) shows that the theme argument of nominalizations derived from an unaccusative verb is optionally realized as a postnominal van-PP or, if the agent is [+human], as a prenominal genitive noun phrase/possessive pronoun. With bare-inf nouns, the expression of the theme seems to lead to a marginal result at best. The table does not include er and ge-nominalizations, because these nominalizations do not take unaccusative verbs as input.
| pattern | unaccusative | translation | |
| er | — | — | — |
| det-inf | det + N + van-PP | het vallen van Jan | the falling of Jan |
| NPs/pronoun + N | Jans/zijn vallen | Jan’s/his falling | |
| bare-inf | N + (??van-PP) | vallen (??van Jan) | falling (of children) |
| ing | N + van-PP | de komst van Jan | the coming of Jan |
| NPs/pronoun + N | Jans/zijn komst | Jan’s/his coming | |
| ge | — | — | — |
In nominalizations derived from a transitive verb, the theme argument is usually obligatorily realized as a postnominal van-PP or a prenominal genitive noun phrase/possessive pronoun. However, ge-nominalizations are special in that they do not allow the theme to be realized as a prenominal genitive noun phrase/possessive pronoun, and inf-nominalizations are special in that they allow the theme to appear as a prenominal accusative noun phrase.
| pattern | example | translation | |
| er | N + van-PP | de verzorger van Jan | the caregiver of Jan |
| NPs/pronoun + N | Jans/zijn leider | Jan’s/his carer | |
| det-inf | det + N + van-PP | het vernietigen van de stad | the destruction of the city |
| det + NPacc + N | (?)het steden vernietigen | the destruction of cities | |
| bare-inf | N + van-PP | (?)vernietigen van steden | destroying cities |
| NP + N | steden vernietigen | destroying cities | |
| ing | N + van-PP | de behandeling van Jan | the treatment of Jan |
| NPs/pronoun + N | Jans behandeling | Jan’s treatment | |
| ge | N + van-PP | het getreiter van kinderen | the bullying of children |
The agent cannot be expressed with er and bare-inf nouns, as we have seen for nominalizations derived from intransitive verbs. In the other cases, the agent is usually optional: it can be realized as a postnominal door-PP following the theme, or as a prenominal genitive noun phrase/possessive pronoun. In many cases, both the theme and the agent can be realized as a prenominal genitive noun phrase or possessive pronoun, which can lead to ambiguity.
As far as the theme and the agent argument are concerned, these nominalizations behave like those derived from a transitive verb. The recipient argument is always optional and is realized as a postnominal aan-PP, preferably following the theme. The inf-nominalizations are again special in that they allow the recipient to appear as a prenominal dative noun phrase, and also allow the aan-PP to appear in prenominal position. Cases in which all three arguments of a triadic nominalization are realized are rare.
In nominalizations derived from verbs with a PP-complement, the complement is also inherited and preceded by the same preposition as in the verbal construction. Normally, the PP occurs in postnominal position, except in the case of inf-nominalizations, which allow the PP to occur both pre and postnominally.
Verbs taking a complementive usually cannot be nominalized, except when the complementive is an als/tot-phrase; then the complementives are realized in postnominal position. Again, inf-nominalizations behave differently: like verbs, they allow other types of complementives, which must appear in prenominal position; predicative als/tot-phrases can be either pre or postnominal.
