- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
-
- General
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
Below is an alphabetic list of the basic prepositions of Saterland Frisian. Example sentences have been added in order to illustrate their use.
| an | Dien Bukse honget an ju Häge. | Your trousers are stuck in the hedge. |
| Wie genen an dän Disk sitte. | We sat down at the table. | |
| Wäl nit an uus Heergod leeuwt. | Who doesn’t believe in the Lord our God. | |
| Ap | Wie sieten alle bee ap dän Boank. | We both sat on the couch. |
| Die Pot kumt ap’t Fjuur. | The pot is put on the fire. | |
| Ap dän eerste(n) Junie. | On the first of June. | |
| Ap Seeltersk. | In Sater Frisian. | |
| Ätter | Ätter Huus. | (To) home. |
| Et is al ätter alven. | It’s already after eleven o’clock. | |
| Ätter Jan sien Fertällen. | According to Jan's story. | |
| Bäte | Bäte ju Dore. | Behind the door. |
| Bie | Bie uus Bääsje. | At our grandma's. |
| Hie gungt bie dän Skinken. | He goes near the ham. | |
| Bie Dai. | By day. | |
| binne | Binne träi Dege. | Within three days. |
| bit | Bit mäiden. | Until tomorrow. |
| Die Ruum waas bit ap dän lääste Stoul ful. | The room was full to the last chair. | |
| buppe | Buppe min Kop. | Over my head. |
| bute | Bute dät Täärp. | Outside the village. |
| Bute mie. | Outside / Except me. | |
| Bute hiere Jeeld. | Without their money. | |
| foar | Foar dät Huus. | In front of the house |
| Hie is foar mie kemen. | He came for me. | |
| Iek dwo dät foar die. | I am doing it for you. | |
| fon | Fon Huus gunge. | Leave home. |
| Twäin fon do Deelniemere. | Two of the participants. | |
| ieuwenske | Ieuwenske ju Dore. | Next to the door. |
| in | In dut Huus. | In this house. |
| Die in Seelterlound ienwanderje wol. | Who wants to immigrate to Saterland. | |
| In oolde Tieden. | In old times. | |
| Dusse Sloachter is äffen in sien Wegen. | This butcher is precise in weighing. | |
| juun | Ju Ladere liende juun dän Boom. | The ladder leaned against the tree. |
| Hie lopt mäd dän Kop juun de Woge. | He bangs his head against the wall. | |
| Juun oachte Ure. | Around eight o’clock. | |
| Do uur Skoulbäidene wieren juun him. | The other students were against him. | |
| juunuur | juunuur ju Hoawenstääd Oamde. | Opposite the port city of Emden. |
| Jan sien kwode Woude juunuur sien Wieuwmoanske. | Jan's bad words towards his wife. | |
| loangs | Hie lopt loangs ju Äi. | He walks along the river. |
| mäd | Koast du mäd mie kume? | Can you come with me? |
| Mäd fulle Foart. | At full speed. | |
| moanken, middemoanken | Hie siet moanken do Ljude. | He sat among the people. |
| naist | Naist mie komst du. | You come right after me. |
| siet | Siet jäärsene. | Since yesterday. |
| sunner | Sunner Jeeld. | Without money. |
| tou | Pastoor J. Westermann tou Skäddel. | The pastor J. Westermann at Schäddel. |
| Iek mout tou de Kiste. | I must go to the chest. | |
| Tou Sneeuwende. | On Saturday. | |
| Wät kwaad hie tou die? | What did he say to you? | |
| truch | Truch dän Boge. | Through the arch. |
| Truch ju Waarmte. | Because of the warmth. | |
| twiske | Twiske alle Stoule. | Between all chairs. |
| Twiske 1900 un 1920 . | Between 1900 and 1920. | |
| Twiske 100 un 150 Kilo. | Between 100 and 150 Kilo. | |
| unner | Unner dän Stoul. | Below the chair. |
| Unner dän Aden. | During harvest time. | |
| Unner uus. | In our small circle. | |
| uum | Uum dän Disk. | Around the table. |
| Uum tjoon Ure. | At ten o’clock. | |
| Iek fräigje uum Hälpe. | I ask for help. | |
| uur | Ju Brääch uur dän Panama-kanoal. | The bridge over the Panama Canal. |
| Die Huund ron uur de Sträite. | The dog ran across the street. | |
| Uur do Middewintersdege. | During the Christmas days. | |
| Wie boalden uur dät Ooldenhuus. | We talked about the parental home. | |
| uut | Hie look dän Kat uut dän Sood. | He pulled the cat out of the well. |
| Hiere Moantel kumt uut‘t Rode. | Her coat is reddish. | |
| wegen | Wegen dät sljuchte Weder. | Because of the bad weather. |
Some adpositions form compounds functioning as (complex) prepositions. Some examples are given below:
| appenaite (fon) | Appenaite fon dät oolde Täärp. | Near the old village. |
| juunuur (fon) | Juunuur de Säärke. | Across from the church. |
| dussiede (fon) | Dussiede fon ju Grote Äi. | On this side of the big Äi. |
| juunsiede (fon) | Juunsiede fon dän Jordan. | On the other side of the Jordan. |
| Noudersiede (fon) | Noudersiede dät Skäin. | On the North side of the barn. |
Tichtbie ‘close by’ and midde(n)maank ‘mid among’ can be seen as intensifications of the preposition. Buppe ap 't Woater ‘on the surface of the water’ can be considered either as an adverb-preposition compound or as a compound preposition, see Kramer (1982), Fort (2015), Aden (2022), Slofstra & Hoekstra (2023).When a preposition is followed by a definite article, the article can be shortened, as in: unner de Sunne or unner’e Sunne ‘under the sun’. The apostrophe is often dropped, as in: appe Laampe ‘on the lamp’. When a preposition is combined with the pronoun eenuur ‘one another’, the pronoun sometimes gets the word accent, but not necessarily. The original Low German reciprocal pronoun -unner or –nunder ‘each other’ is also used.