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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
Projection of verb phrases II:
Verb-frame alternations
Verb-frame alternations
quickinfo
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- I. Alternations involving the external argument
- II. Alternations involving internal arguments: DP/PP alternations
- III. Alternations that will not be discussed in this chapter
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.2.1. Passivization
- 1.2.1.1. General properties of passives
- I. Demotion of the external argument
- II. The implicit agent argument
- III. Additional restrictions on the demoted subject?
- A. Animacy of the demoted subject
- B. Agentivity of the subject
- C. Controllability by the subject
- D. Conclusion
- IV. The derived subject: externalization of the internal argument?
- V. The participle form of the main verb
- VI. A note on adjectival passives
- 1.2.1.2. The impersonal worden/zijn-passive
- I. Verbs entering the impersonal passive construction
- II. Exceptional behavior of unaccusative verbs
- 1.2.1.3. The regular (worden) passive
- I. Verbs entering the regular passive
- II. The derived subject of the regular passive
- A. The thematic role of the derived subject
- B. Placement of the derived subject (nominative-dative inversion)
- C. Grammatical function of the promoted object in the active clause
- III. Meaning differences between active and passive sentences
- IV. Special cases of the regular passive
- 1.2.1.4. The krijgen-passive
- I. The verb
- A. The indirect object is the recipient/goal argument
- B. The indirect object is the source
- C. The indirect object is a benefactive
- D. The indirect object is a possessor
- E. A special case of the krijgen-passive
- F. A putative case of krijgen-passivization
- G. Conclusion
- II. The role of the auxiliary
- III. The demoted subject
- 1.2.2. Middle Formation
- 1.2.2.1. General properties of middle constructions
- I. The regular middle construction
- II. The adjunct middle construction
- III. The impersonal middle construction
- IV. The reflexive middle construction
- V. General properties of middles
- 1.2.2.2. The regular middle construction
- I. Properties of regular middles
- A. The input verb is transitive
- B. The meaning of the regular middle construction
- C. The evaluative modifier
- D. Semantic restrictions on the arguments of the input verb
- E. Resultative middles; the thematic role of the derived subject
- F. Non-generic uses of the regular middle construction
- II. Regular middles and unaccusative constructions
- A. Auxiliary selection
- B. Predicative and attributive use of the past participle
- C. Tense and aspect
- D. Modifiers like automatisch ‘automatically’ and vanzelf ‘spontaneously’
- E. Summary and application of the tests
- III. Other constructions that resemble the regular middle
- 1.2.2.3. The adjunct middle construction
- I. The input verb is (pseudo-)intransitive
- II. The derived subject
- III. The evaluative modifier
- IV. Attributive and predicative use of past/present participles
- V. Miscellaneous topics
- 1.2.2.4. The impersonal middle construction
- I. The input verb is (pseudo-)intransitive
- II. The non-referential pronoun het ‘it’
- III. The adverbial phrase
- IV. The evaluative modifier
- 1.2.2.5. The reflexive middle construction
- I. Other reflexive laten-constructions
- II. Meaning
- III. The implied experiencer and agent
- IV. The verbs embedded under laten ‘to let’
- A. Transitive verbs
- B. Intransitive and monadic unaccusative verbs
- C. PO-verbs
- D. Verbs with a complementive
- E. Ditransitive verbs
- V. The evaluative modifier
- VI. The simplex reflexive pronoun
- 1.2.2.6. Summary
- 1.2.3. Causative alternation
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 1.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-PPs (recipients)
- I. Meaning differences
- II. Other factors affecting the alternation
- III. A sample of double object verbs (not) allowing the alternation
- IV. The syntactic status of the periphrastic recipient
- 1.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-PPs (goals)
- I. Meaning differences
- II. The syntactic function of the naar-PP
- III. The element toe
- IV. A sample of double object verbs (not) allowing the alternation
- V. Conclusion
- 1.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-PPs (sources)
- 1.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-PPs (possessors)
- I. The dative possessor
- A. The possessive dative requires the presence of a predicative locational PP
- B. The dative phrase expresses inalienable possession
- C. The dative possessor is animate
- II. The possessive bij-PP
- III. The complementive locational PP
- IV. The syntactic structure of possessive bij-PP constructions
- A. The possessive bij-PP and the locational PP form a constituent
- B. The internal structure of string [bij-PP loc-PP]
- C. R-extraction from the PPs
- V. The verb
- A. Transitive verbs denoting a change of location
- B. Motion verbs
- C. Location verbs
- D. Verbs with an optional prepositional complementive
- VI. Non-dative inalienable possessors
- 1.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-PPs (benefactives)
- 1.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 1.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 1.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
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