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36.2.3.Circumpositions
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Circumpositional phrases are generally spatial in nature, and R-pronominalization is quite productive. In what follows, we group the examples according to the second member of the circumposition.

[+]  1.  P … aan

As is shown in (77), circumpositional phrases with aan as their second member can be easily pronominalized.

77
a. De kinderen liepen achter de optocht aan.
  the children walked behind the parade aan
  'The children followed the parade.'
a'. De kinderen liepen er achter aan.
b. Jan liep tegen de ladder aan.
  Jan walked against the ladder aan
  'Jan ran into the ladder.'
b'. Jan liep er tegen aan.
[+]  2.  Van ... af

Adpositional phrases headed by van ... affrom also allow pronominalization. However, it should be noted that the van + NP part of the construction can also be replaced by an R-word, as in the perhaps slightly marginal example (78c).

78
a. Jan sprong van het dak af.
  Jan jumped from the roof af
  'Jan jumped from the roof.'
b. Jan sprong er van af.
b'. (?) Jan sprong er af.
[+]  3.  P … door

The examples in (79) show that R-pronominalization of circumpositional phrases with door as their second member give rise to perfectly acceptable results.

79
a. Jan reed onder de brug door.
  Jan drove under the bridge door
  'Jan drove underneath the bridge.'
a'. Jan reed er onder door.
b. Jan reed tussen de bomen door.
  Jan rode between the trees door
  'Jan rode through the trees.'
b'. Jan reed er tussen door.
[+]  4.  P … heen

Circumpositional phrases with heen as their second member, on the other hand, show mixed behavior: usually R-pronominalization is fine, but in the case of langs ... heenalong, which is already somewhat marked, the result is degraded;. For completeness, recall that the circumposition om ... heenaround differs from the preposition omaround in that the latter cannot undergo R-pronominalization; cf. example (42).

80
a. Jan liep door/om/?langs het huis heen.
  Jan walked through/around/along the house heen
  'Jan walked through/around/along the house.'
a'. Jan liep er door/om/*?langs heen.
b. Jan sprong over het hek heen
  Jan jumped over the gate heen
  'Jan jumped over the gate.'
b'. Jan sprong er over heen.

Note in passing that this case is complicated by the fact that there is a somewhat obsolete preposition langsheen (still in use in other varieties of Dutch) with the same meaning as langsalong. Speakers who use this preposition may find examples such as Jan liep er langsheen impeccable, but this is of course irrelevant to the present discussion of the circumposition langs ... heen

[+]  5.  P … in

The examples in (81) show that circumpositional phrases with in as their second member are again fully compatible with R-pronominalization.

81
a. Jan zwom tegen de stroom in.
  Jan swam against the current in
  'Jan swam against the current.'
a'. Jan zwom er tegen in.
b. Jan zit tussen twee meisjes in.
  Jan sits between two girls in
  'Jan is sitting between two girls.'
b'. Jan zit er tussen in.
[+]  6.  P … langs

The same seems to hold true for circumpositional phrases with langs as their second member, although the resulting structures in (82b') may feel somewhat uncomfortable; this may be due to the fact that the circumpositions boven/onder ... langs are not very common either.

82
a. Jan liep achter/voor het huis langs.
  Jan walked behind/in.front.of the house langs
  'Jan walked along the back/front of the house.'
a'. Jan liep er achter/voor langs.
b. Jan liep boven/onder de brug langs.
  Jan walked above/under the bridge langs
  'Jan walked above/down along the bridge.'
b'. (?) Jan liep er boven/onder langs.

Note that the primed examples become fully acceptable when er is omitted, which shows that achterlangs, voorlangs, onderlangs and bovenlangs do occur as complex (intransitive) prepositions.

[+]  7.  P … om

Circumpositional phrases with om as a second member seem to be exceptional in that they do not easily allow R-pronominalization; the primed examples in (83) are at best marginally acceptable. Note that these examples also become fully acceptable when er is omitted, showing that achterom, voorom, and buitenom can be used as intransitive adpositions; perhaps the degraded status of the primed examples is related to this.

83
a. Jan liep achter/voor het huis om.
  Jan walked behind/in.front.of the house om
  'that Jan walked around the back/front of the house.'
a'. ?? Jan liep er achter/voor om.
b. De waterleiding loopt buiten het huis om.
  the waterworks go outside the house om
  'The waterworks go around the exterior of the house.'
b'. ?? De waterleiding loopt er buiten om.
[+]  8.  Tegen ... op

Circumpositional phrases with tegen ... opagainst are again fully compatible with R-pronominalization.

84
a. Marie klom tegen de muur op.
  Marie climbed against the wall op
  'Marie climbed up against the wall.'
a'. Marie klom er tegen op.
[+]  9.  P ... toe

Circumpositional phrases with toe as the second member, as in (85), behave ambiguously. First, the (a)-examples show that R-pronominalization is perfectly acceptable with circumpositional phrases headed by naar ... toeto, which as such is remarkable in view of the fact, illustrated in (46), that directional PPs headed by the preposition naarto do not allow R-pronominalization. Second, the (b)-examples show that R-pronominalization of circumpositional phrases headed by tot ... toeup to is not possible. What lies behind this contrast is unclear: it is tempting to assume that the sequence of the two occurrences of toe is relevant, but the fact that we find the same in (86b') below suggests that there may be a deeper explanation.

85
a. Marie gaat naar die film toe.
  Marie goes to that movie toe
  'Marie goes to that movie.'
a'. Marie gaat er naar toe.
b. De stenen liggen tot de heg toe.
  the stones lie until the hedge toe
  'The stones extend to the hedge.'
b'. * De stenen liggen er toe toe.

For completeness’ sake, recall that Section 33.2.1, sub III, has argued that example (86a) does not involve a circumposition tot aan ... toe; instead, we are dealing with the preposition tot, which takes as its complement a circumpositional positional phrase headed by the circumposition aan... toe. Example (86b) shows that this circumpositional phrase allows R-pronominalization, although the strong form daar in (86b) cannot be replaced by the phonetically weak form er. Example (86b') shows that extraction of the R-word from the complete tot-PP, as a result of which tot should get the stranded form toe, leads to an unacceptable result.

86
a. De stenen liggen tot aan de heg toe.
  the stones lie until to the hedge toe
b. De stenen liggen tot daar aan toe.
b'. * De stenen liggen daar toe aan toe.
[+]  10.  P ... uit

R-pronominalization is productive for circumpositional phrases with uit as their second member. We provide some examples in (87); R-pronominalization of PPs headed by achter/tussen/voor ... uit (lit.: behind/between/in.front.of ... out) leads to equally acceptable results.

87
a. De vlag stak boven de huizen uit.
  the flag stuck above the houses out
  'The flag stuck out above the houses.'
a'. De vlag stak er boven uit.
b. De jurk stak onder de jas uit.
  the dress stuck under the coat out
  'The dress protruded from under (was slightly longer than) the coat.'
b'. De jurk stak er onder uit.
[+]  11.  P ... vandaan

The (a) and (b)-examples in (88) show that circumpositional phrases with vandaan as their second member are usually compatible with R-pronominalization. The circumposition om ... vandaan is perhaps an exception, which may be due to the fact that this formation is restricted to the (somewhat marginal) phrase om de hoek vandaan.

88
a. De muis kwam achter/voor/onder de kast vandaan.
  the mouse came behind/in.front.of/under the cupboard vandaan
  'The mouse came from behind/in front of/under the cupboard.'
a'. De muis kwam er achter/voor/onder vandaan.
b. Marie haalde het geheime document tussen de rommel vandaan.
  Marie got the secret document between the trash vandaan
  'Marie got the secret document from between the trash.'
b'. Marie haalde het geheime document er tussen vandaan.
c. ? Jan kwam om de hoek vandaan.
  Jan came around the corner vandaan
  'Jan came from around the corner.'
c. *? Jan kwam er om vandaan.

Section 33.2.1, sub I, has argued that example (89a) does not involve a circumposition van achter … vandaan; instead, we are dealing with the preposition van, which takes as its complement a circumpositional positional phrase headed by the circumposition achter ... vandaan. The two (b)-examples show that this circumpositional phrase allows R-pronominalization, but that the R-word must remain within the PP headed by van.

89
a. De muis kwam van achter de kast vandaan.
  the mouse came from behind the cupboard vandaan
  'The mouse came from behind the cupboard.'
b. De muis kwam van er/daar achter vandaan.
b'. ?? De muis kwam er/daar van achter vandaan.
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