- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
This chapter has benefited greatly from the seminal work on verb-frame alternation in Levin (1993) and Levin & Rappaport (1995), as well as the research review in Levin & Rappaport (2005). Although there is a great deal of (older and newer) work on incidental cases of verb-frame alternation like passive, dative shift and, to a lesser extent, middle formation, there are no similar reference works for Dutch, although Van Hout (1996: §2) provides an overview of a number of common cases. For further information on the various subtopics discussed, we refer the reader to the references given in the course of the discussion.
Passivization has always been at the center of linguistic research, and it is impossible to do full justice to the available literature. Therefore, we will simply select a number of important papers. A very brief overview of the treatment of passivization in generative grammar can be found in Roberts (1999): while passivization was originally explained as a construction-specific transformation that derived passive clauses from active clauses, it was shown later that passivization involves the interaction of a set of independently motivated operations that also apply to other constructions; cf. Cornelis and Verhagen (1995) for a comparable view from an entirely different theoretical angle. This has led to the standard analysis (developed in Jaeggli 1986 and Baker et al. 1989) that the core property of passivization is the demotion of the subject and the concomitant absorption of accusative case; the other properties, such as the promotion of the object of the active sentence to subject of the passive sentence, follow from more general principles such as the case filter. In addition to Haeseryn et al. (1997), Den Besten (1981a/1985a) is a rich source of relevant passivization data. The more traditional approach of directly linking passive constructions to the corresponding active constructions was recently revived in Collins (2005/2021-3), but turns out to be highly problematic with respect to OV languages like German and Dutch: cf. Alexiadou et al. (2018), Smeman (2023), and the references cited there for relevant discussion. The krijgen-passive is less frequently discussed; the discussion in this section is based on the discussion in Broekhuis & Cornips (1994/2012). Other relevant discussions can be found in Den Besten (1985a), Van Leeuwen (2006), Colleman (2006), Landsbergen (2009); our claim in Section 3.2.1.4 that the krijgen-passive is a productive syntactic rule has been contested in Colleman (2016) on the basis of some internet data and has been defended anew in Broekhuis (2016).
A general introduction to middle constructions can be found in Ackema & Schoorlemmer (2006/2017). The middle constructions discussed above correspond to what Ackema and Schoorlemmer call type I middles. Ackema & Schoorlemmer’s study also reviews a number of theoretical approaches to the derivation of middle constructions and compares middles with a number of constructions that can easily be confused with them, like inchoative unaccusative and easy-to-please constructions (the latter of which, unfortunately, sometimes seem to be confused with modal infinitives). Our discussion of regular middle constructions is further based on Keyser & Roeper (1984), Paardekooper (1986), Fagan (1988/1992), Levin (1993), Hoekstra & Roberts (1993), Ackema & Schoorlemmer (1994/1995), and Hulk & Cornips (1996). Discussions of impersonal and adjunct middles can be found in Hoekstra and Roberts (1993) and Ackema and Schoorlemmer (1994). A short section on the reflexive middle can be found in Everaert (1986/1990), while the Heerlen Dutch cases are discussed in Cornips (1994a/1996) and Cornips & Hulk (1996). We have not paid much attention in this section to the long-standing question as to whether the external argument of the input verb is syntactically realized in middles. The reason is that Ackema & Schoorlemmer (2006:184-191) has shown that the traditional tests for detecting implied agents (like control and binding) give less reliable results in the case of middles.
The dative alternation has been extensively studied in the literature on Dutch, although the focus has always been on the dative/aan-PP alternation; some important studies are Balk-Smit Duyzentkunst (1968), Kooij (1975), Jansen (1976) and Schermer-Vermeer (1991). The possessive dative construction, including the dative/bij-PP alternation, has also been discussed quite extensively: some important studies are Janssen (1976/1977), Van Bree (1981), Corver (1990/1992), Schermer-Vermeer (1991: §7/1996), Cornips (1991/1994a), Broekhuis & Cornips (1997), Broekhuis et al. (1996) and Scholten (2018). For an overview of a number of more recent theoretical proposals, we refer the reader to Den Dikken (1995a/2012), Bresnan et al. (2007), and Rappaport Hovav & Levin (2008). The syntactic literature on the remaining NP/PP alternations seems to be less extensive, and we refer the reader to the references mentioned in Sections 3.3.2 and 3.3.3; the discussion in Colleman & Den Dikken (2012) gives a nice impression of the differences in view between cognitive and generative grammar. One of the main conclusions of our discussion is that indirect objects do not function as internal arguments of the verb; we refer the reader to Hoekstra’s Small Clauses Everywhere, published posthumously in edited form in Hoekstra (2004), for a discussion of the theoretical ramifications of this conclusion, and to Den Dikken (1995a: §3) for an authoritative theoretical account of the dative alternation that seems to us to best fit the data described in this section.
References
