- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
Prenominal adjectives occur in either definite or indefinite nominal phrases. In definite contexts, the adjective ends in a schwa.
| (m.) | (f.) | (n.) | (pl.) |
| die flugge Disk | ju flugge Bielde | dät flugge Huus | flugge Seken |
| ‘the beautiful table’ (nominative) | ‘the beautiful picture’ | ‘a beautiful house’ | ‘beautiful things’ |
| dän flugge Disk | |||
| ‘the beautiful table’(oblique) |
In indefinite contexts, the adjective is subject to the historically strong inflection: masculine -en, feminine -e, neuter (zero), plural -e. It should be noted that in present day Saterland Frisian the originally Low German ending -et is often used before neuter nouns, so: ’n flugget Huus ‘a beautiful house’.
| (m.) | (f.) | (n.) | (pl.) |
| 'n fluggen Disk | 'n flugge Bielde | 'n fluch Huus | flugge Seken |
| ‘a beautiful table’ | ‘a beautiful picture’ | ‘a beautiful house’ | ‘beautiful things’ |
Usual definite contexts are nominal phrases which begin with
- a definite article or a homophonic demonstrative determiner (die [m.nom.], dän [m.obl.] ju [f,], dät [n.], do [pl.]) ‘the, that’: ätter dän trietichjierige Kriech ‘after the thirty years war’; dät ganse Lound ‘the whole country; dän oolde Wille ‘old William’, die litje Jan ‘little John’
- other demonstrative determiners: düsse(n), düt ‘this, these’; krie (etc.) ‘that’, juns ‘that’, etc.: apdissen säiltene Dai ‘on this rare day’
- universal determiners: älke säkste Huus stuud noch ‘every sixth house was still intact’ (i.e. one sixth of all houses)
- possessive determiners: sin oolde Heer ‘his old man (i.e. his father)’
- possessors: Gräitjes froaie Kommunjoonsklöod ‘Gretchen’s nice communion dress’
- vocatives: du äärme Kannitverstaan ‘you poor Cantunderstand’, ljowe Pyt Kramer ‘dear Pyt Kramer’, min ljowe Mon ‘my dear fellow’
- non-expressed but presupposed definite articles: Gräine Tuunsdai ‘Maundy Thursday’; Seelterfräiske Kultuurhuus ‘Saterland Frisian culture house (a sign on the outer wall)’
Nevertheless, adjectives often feature the strong zero inflectional suffix when preceding a neuter noun, especially after possessive determiners: mien jeel Klood ‘my yellow dress’, in mien heel Lieuwend ‘in all my life’, Martiens dapper Ferhoolden ‘Martin’s brave behaviour’, mäd dät oold Skip‘with that old ship’.
It should be mentioned that inflectional -en endings are found as a result of German interference: Wie häbe do gansen seeltersken Nomen fon alle Husholgene un Familiën tehope socht’we have searched and collected all Saterland names of all families and kinship’.
Usual indefinite contexts are:
- noun phrases which begin with an indefinite article: ’n oolden Mon ‘an old man’
- semantically indefinite (generic) plural noun phrases without determiners: oolde Monljude ‘old men’
- generic singular noun phrases (especially mass nouns): roden Wien ‘red wine’, oold Ierzen ‘old iron’, fluch Weder ‘nice weather’, bäästen Tonk ‘thanks’, froamd Foulk ‘strange people’, loang oanhooldenden Biefaal ‘long lasting applause’
- noun phrases which begin with a negative determiner: naan prikken Koaster ‘no accurate teacher’, neen grote Buräi ‘no large farm’
- noun phrases which begin with an indefinite determiner: monige merkwoudige Drupsteengebielde ‘many a remarkable stalactite figure’; ’n bitjen heet Woater ‘a little bit of hot water’
- noun phrases which begin with an interrogative or exclamative determiner: Deer rakt dät morere Mugelkhaide, aal deer ätter, of un wät foar tjukke Buske deer mee oumäind wäide skällene. Een Motorsaise. ‘There are several possibilities, depending on whether thick pieces of wood will be cut off and what kind.’
- noun phrases which begin with a numeral: aan Malen kon moor fräigje as tjoon Wieze beoantwoudje konnen ‘one foolish person can ask more than ten wise people can answer’; aan eensigen ljoachten Toacht ‘one moment of light’
- predicatively used noun phrases: een Haamdeklod kriege iek ook as äärmen Mon ‘as a poor man, I will aso get a shroud’