Section 21.1 has discussed the distribution of nominal arguments in the clause. We will not attempt to give a representative overview of the extensive literature on this topic because it would be impossible to do it justice here. As for expletive constructions and the so-called definiteness effect, some important semantically oriented contributions have already been mentioned in the bibliographical notes in Section 19.5. A thorough review of formal syntactic approaches to the expletive construction in the generative framework since Chomsky (1981) can be found in Hartmann (2008: §1) and Wesseling (2018; §1) contains a more general introduction to Dutch expletive constructions. A more general discussion of the various syntactic functions of the weak R-word er can be found in Section P36.

Regarding wh-movement in, e.g., interrogative, topicalization and relative constructions, we will mention only a few of the most prominent contributions related to the discussion here. The core properties of this type of movement were first described in Chomsky (1977). A detailed discussion of the complementizer-trace phenomenon can be found in Chomsky & Lasnik (1977), and object-subject asymmetry played an important role in the formulation of the empty category principle in Chomsky (1981). The superiority condition was proposed in Chomsky (1973) and later subsumed under the relativized minimality condition proposed in Rizzi (1990). Section 21.1.3 did not fully discuss all the intricacies of these movements, but was tailored to describing the behavior of nominal arguments; a more general discussion of the core properties of wh-movement, as well as the different subtypes that can be found, is given in Section V11.3.

The literature on object scrambling is also extensive, but unlike the case of wh-movement, it has not yet led to a clear consensus on the nature of the operation. Existing approaches to object scrambling can be divided into three different groups, depending on whether scrambling is considered A or A'-movement, or whether it involves base generation; a representative sample of these approaches can be found in Corver & Van Riemsdijk (1994). Webelhuth (1989/1992) argued that Dutch/German object scrambling appears to have properties of both A and A'-movement, a fact often referred to as Webelhuth’s paradox. This paradox has led to the claim that the term scrambling actually refers to (at least) two different types of movement; cf. Vanden Wyngaerd (1988/1989), Déprez (1989), Mahajan (1990/1994), Neeleman (1994a/1994b), and Broekhuis (2008). Object scrambling of the kind discussed in Section 21.1.4 is A-movement; cf. Section V13 for a detailed discussion of the different types of scrambling in Dutch, and Vikner (2006/2017) and Broekhuis (2020/2022) for reviews of the theoretical literature on A-scrambling. Several efforts have been made to question the validity of the empirical data used in research on A-scrambling, as well as the empirical generalizations derived from this data; cf. De Hoop (2000/2003/2016), Van Bergen & De Swart (2010), Schoenmakers & De Swart (2019), and Schoenmakers (2022). Broekhuis (2023) reviewed this body of work and argued that at least some of the objections raised are based on a misunderstanding of the syntax of adverbial phrases in Dutch, which seriously undermines the conclusions drawn. Some other issues raised in this review are also addressed, with inconclusive results, in a discussion between Schoenmakers & Van Hout (2024) and Weerman.

A classical study on Dutch copular constructions with a nominal predicate, discussed in Section 21.2, is Blom & Daalder (1977). More recent studies on nominal predicates are Moro (1997) and Den Dikken (2006); we refer the reader to these studies for further references. There are not many studies on the adverbial use of noun phrases, discussed in Section 21.3; our discussion of the use of noun phrases as temporal adverbials is mainly built on the discussion found in the more traditional grammars. For the use of noun phrases as measure phrases, see Klooster (1972) and Corver (1990).

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