/ instituut voor de Nederlandse taal / Taalportaal
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
Determiners: Articles and pronouns
quickinfo
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.1.1. Noun phrases headed by an article
- 18.1.1.1. The core meaning of the articles
- 18.1.1.2. Definiteness and indefiniteness
- 18.1.1.3. Specificity and non-specificity
- 18.1.1.4. Distributivity
- 18.1.1.5. Genericity
- 18.1.1.6. Summary
- 18.1.2. Noun phrases without an article
- 18.1.2.1. Proper nouns
- I. Articles that are part of the proper noun
- II. Modified proper nouns
- III. Type versus token readings
- IV. “For instance” reading
- V. Representative of proper noun set
- VI. “A certain”
- VII. Prototypical/metaphorical reading
- VIII. “Effected object” reading
- 18.1.2.2. Vocatives
- 18.1.2.3. Special cases
- 18.1.3. Definite articles with acronyms and abbreviations
- 18.1.4. Deviant semantics
- 18.1.4.1. Complex verbal predicates
- I. Indefinite noun phrases
- II. Weak definites: de krant lezen ‘to read the paper’
- A. Non-unique reference and out-of-the-blue contexts
- B. Restrictions on the lexical domain
- C. Syntactic distribution of weak definites
- III. Special cases
- 18.1.4.2. The definite article in inalienable possession constructions
- I. Non-locational constructions
- II. Locational constructions
- A. Dative possessors
- B. Nominative possessors
- C. Accusative possessors
- D. Located argument
- E. The definite article
- III. Idioms
- 18.1.4.3. Articles in evaluative contexts
- 18.1.4.4. Articles in noun phrases involving measurement
- 18.1.5. The negative article/quantifier geen ‘no’
- 18.1.5.1. The semantics of geen ‘no’
- I. Negative quantification and scope
- A. Scope outside the containing noun phrase
- B. Scope over the containing noun phrase: contrastive constructions
- C. Scope inside the containing noun phrase
- D. No scope over a noun phrase external constituent
- E. Conclusion
- II. Specificity and genericity
- III. Special semantics
- 18.1.5.2. Distribution of geen inside the noun phrase
- I. Geen and noun phrase types
- II. Geen and personal pronouns and proper nouns
- III. Restrictions on accompanying determiners and quantificational elements
- 18.1.5.3. The syntactic distribution of (noun phrases containing) geen
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.2.1. Personal pronouns
- 18.2.1.1. Referential personal pronouns
- I. The different forms of the referential personal pronouns
- II. Interpretation
- III. Nominal features
- IV. Subject and object forms
- V. Weak and strong forms
- A. Emphasis
- B. Pronouns in the clause-initial position
- C. Semantic restrictions
- D. Special syntactic environments
- E. Special uses
- VI. Modification
- 18.2.1.2. Interrogative personal pronouns
- 18.2.1.3. Quantificational personal pronouns
- I. Meaning
- II. Nominal features
- III. Non-specific and specific readings of the existential pronouns
- IV. Negative existential subject pronouns
- V. Syntactic distribution
- VI. Modification
- 18.2.1.4. Relative personal pronouns
- 18.2.1.5. Reflexive and reciprocal personal pronouns
- 18.2.1.6. Conclusion
- 18.2.2. Possessive pronouns
- 18.2.2.1. Classification
- I. Referential possessive pronouns
- II. Interrogative and relative possessive pronouns
- III. Quantificational possessive pronouns
- IV. Reciprocal possessive pronouns
- V. Other cases
- 18.2.2.2. Interpretation
- I. Partitioning of the denotation set of the head noun
- II. Semantic relations between the pronoun and the noun phrase
- 18.2.2.3. Weak versus strong forms
- 18.2.2.4. Special cases
- I. The semi-genitival construction: Jan z’n boek ‘Janʼs book’
- II. Seemingly inflected possessive pronouns
- III. Idioms and fixed combinations
- 18.2.2.5. Differences between possessive pronouns and possessive van-PPs
- 18.2.3. Demonstrative pronouns
- 18.2.3.1. Classification
- I. Demonstratives as modifiers
- II. Demonstratives as arguments
- A. Demonstrative pronouns used as modifiers and as arguments
- B. Demonstrative pronouns only used as arguments
- C. N-ellipsis: an apparent case of independently used demonstratives
- III. The demonstrative dat as a predicate
- 18.2.3.2. Special cases
- I. Idiomatic case-inflected forms
- II. Distal demonstrative pronouns
- A. Distal demonstratives referring to [+human] entities
- B. Distal demonstratives in conversation and narratives
- C. Distal demonstratives in imperatives
- D. Distal demonstratives in evaluative contexts
- E. Spurious distal demonstratives
- III. Proximate demonstrative pronouns
- IV. The non-D-linked demonstratives zo’n and zulke used as amplifiers
- V. The emphatic modifier zelf ‘himself’
- 18.2.4. Conclusion
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
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