This section provides a semantic classification of the spatial adpositions; for practical reasons, the discussion focuses on PPs that are used as complementives. Section 32.3.1.1 first introduces the relevant terms for the classification, and then Sections 32.3.1.2 to 32.3.1.5 discuss the semantic classification in the light of the division of the adposition into the four syntactic classes of prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions, and particles. Finally, Section 32.3.1.6 discusses some alternative ways of expressing spatial concepts. Spatial prepositions are also used with a numeral as modifiers of noun phrases, as in tegen de duizend boekennearly a thousand books and over de duizend boekenmore than a thousand books; such cases will not be discussed here, but see Sections , and .