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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
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- 2.0. Introduction
- I. Internal and external arguments
- II. Thematic roles
- III. The category of the complement of the verb
- IV. Secondary predication
- V. Organization of the chapter
- 2.1. Nominal arguments
- 2.1.1. Impersonal verbs
- 2.1.2. Intransitive, transitive and monadic unaccusative verbs
- I. General introduction
- A.Transitive verbs
- B. Intransitive verbs
- C. Unaccusative verbs
- D. The gradual nature of the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs
- II. Distinguishing intransitive from unaccusative verbs
- A. Thematic role of the subject
- B. Er-nominalization
- C. Auxiliary selection
- D. Attributive use of the participle
- E. (Impersonal) passive
- F. Wat-voor split
- G. Summary
- III. Two types of monadic unaccusative verbs
- A. Thematic role of the subject
- B. Er-nominalization
- C. Auxiliary selection
- D. Attributive use of the past participle
- E. Impersonal passive
- F. Wat-voor split
- G. Conclusion
- IV. More on auxiliary selection and unaccusativity
- V. Conclusion
- 2.1.3. Ditransitive and dyadic unaccusative (nom-dat) verbs
- I. General introduction
- A. Ditransitive (double object) verbs
- B. Nom-dat verbs
- C. Two types of nom-dat verbs
- D. Some miscellaneous remarks on nom-dat verbs
- II. Properties of ditransitive and nom-dat verbs
- A. Thematic role of the subject
- B. Er-nominalization
- C. Auxiliary selection
- D. Attributive use of the past/passive participle
- E. (Impersonal) passive
- F. Argument order (nominative-dative inversion)
- G. Wat-voor split
- H. Summary
- III. A note on dative subjects
- 2.1.4. Undative verbs
- I. The verb krijgen ‘to get’
- A. Er-nominalization, imperative, and passivization
- B. Idiomatic and inalienable possession constructions
- C. Krijgen-passive construction
- II. The verbs hebben ‘to have’ and houden ‘to keep’
- III. Verbs of cognition and other cases
- 2.1.5. A possible problem: transitive verbs taking the auxiliary zijn
- 2.1.6. Summary
- 2.2. Complementives (secondary predicates)
- 2.2.1. General restrictions on complementives
- I. Construction types
- II. The syntactic category of the complementive
- III. The position of the complementive
- A. Position relative to the clause-final verbs
- B. Scrambling
- C. Wh-movement in topicalization constructions and questions
- IV. Co-occurrence restrictions on complementives
- V. Conclusion
- 2.2.2. Non-resultative constructions
- 2.2.3. Resultative constructions
- I. Verbs without an internal argument
- II. Verbs with one internal argument
- III. Verbs with two internal arguments
- IV. Summary
- 2.2.4. The structure of complementive constructions
- 2.3. PP-complements (prepositional objects)
- 2.3.1. General introduction
- I. The verb and the preposition form a semantic unit
- II. A PP-complement cannot be replaced by adverbial proforms
- III. The preposition has no or a restricted paradigm
- IV. A PP-complement cannot be modified
- V. R-extraction
- VI. Anticipatory pronominal PP-complements
- VII. Syntactic tests for distinguishing PP-complements and adverbial PPs
- A. Position in the middle field of the clause
- B. Pseudo-cleft sentences
- C. The adverbial ... en pronoun doet dat test
- VIII. Prepositional complements versus prepositional predicates
- 2.3.2. Intransitive, transitive and unaccusative prepositional object verbs
- I. Transitive prepositional object verbs
- A. Er-nominalization
- B. Auxiliary selection
- C. Attributive use of participles
- D. Passive
- E. The order of the internal arguments
- II. Intransitive and unaccusative prepositional object verbs
- A. Er-nominalization
- B. Auxiliary selection
- C. Attributive use of the past/passive and present participles
- D. Impersonal passive
- E. Conclusion
- III. A second class of unaccusative PO-verb?
- A. Er-nominalization
- B. Auxiliary selection
- C. Attributive and predicative use of the participles
- D. Impersonal passive
- E. Conclusion
- IV. A problematic case
- 2.3.3. NP-PP alternations
- I. Alternations between transitive verbs and intransitive PO-verbs
- A. Er-nominalization
- B. Auxiliary selection
- C. Attributive use of the past/passive participle
- D. Impersonal passive
- E. Conclusion
- II. PO-verbs with an indirect object
- 2.3.4. Special and problematic cases
- 2.4. AP-complements
- 2.5. Special verbs
- 2.5.1. Psychological verbs
- 2.5.1.1. General introduction
- I. The arguments of psychological predicates
- A. Experiencer
- B. Target and subject matter of emotion
- C. Causer and cause of emotion
- D. The syntactic realization of the thematic roles of psych-predicates
- II. Different types of psych-verbs
- III. Verb-frame alternations
- 2.5.1.2. Subject-experiencer psych-verbs
- I. Intransitive subject-experiencer psych-verbs
- II. Transitive subject-experiencer psych-verbs
- III. Unaccusative subject-experiencer psych-verbs
- IV. Undative subject-experiencer psych-constructions
- V. Conclusion
- 2.5.1.3. Object-experiencer psych-verbs
- I. nom-dat psych-verbs
- II. Causative (transitive and nom-acc) psych-verbs
- A. The verb does not select an object of emotion
- B. The verb is possibly a derived form
- C. The thematic of the subject
- D. Passive
- E. Attributive and predicative use of present participles
- F. Attributive and predicative use of the past/passive participle
- G. Argument order
- H. Binding
- I. Nominalization
- J. Conclusion
- III. Periphrastic causative psychological constructions
- A. The thematic roles of the arguments in the periphrastic construction
- B. Passivization
- C. Argument order
- D. Binding
- E. Conclusion
- F. Two possibly related constructions with a psychological noun
- IV. Inherently reflexive psych-verbs
- V. A note on causative non-experiencer object verbs
- 2.5.2. Inherently reflexive verbs
- I. On the term inherent reflexivity
- II. The syntactic function of the simplex reflexive
- A. Case absorption
- B. Reflexive causative-inchoative alternation (Anti-causativization)
- C. Reflexive psych-verb constructions
- D. Reflexive middle construction
- E. Conclusion
- III. Some special cases
- A. Dative reflexives
- B. Inherently reflexive verbs prefixed with over<noBreakHyphen /> and ver<noBreakHyphen /> 448
- C. Idioms
- IV. Summary
- 2.6. Bibliographical notes
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