- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
Section 24.2, sub I, discussed adjectives taking a nominal complement and noted that the adjective with its nominal complement as a whole does not easily undergo topicalization. The examples in (89) and (90) illustrate this again for genitive and dative complements, respectively.
| a. | ?? | [AP | Het Frans | machtig] | is hij | niet. |
| ?? | [AP | the French | in.command.of | is he | not | |
| 'He is not able to speak French.' | ||||||
| b. | ?? | [AP | Deze opera zat] | zal | hij | niet worden. |
| ?? | [AP | this opera weary | will | he | not become | |
| 'He wonʼt fed up with this opera.' | ||||||
| a. | *? | [AP | Die jongen | vertrouwd] | is de omgeving | niet. |
| *? | [AP | this boy | familiar | is the area | not | |
| 'This area isnʼt familiar to this boy.' | ||||||
| b. | *? | [AP | De mens | aangeboren] | is de Universele Grammatica | zeker. |
| *? | [AP | the man | innate | is the Universal Grammar | certainly | |
| 'Universal Grammar is certainly innate to man.' | ||||||
The degraded status of these examples is not due to a general prohibition of topicalization, since the primeless examples in (91) and (92), in which the noun phrase is stranded, are perfectly acceptable. The same is true of the primed examples in which the noun phrase is topicalized.
| a. | [AP ti Machtig]j is hij het Fransi niet/zeker tj. |
| a'. | Het Fransi is hij niet/zeker [AP ti machtig]. |
| b. | [AP ti Zat]j zal hij deze operai niet/zeker tj worden. |
| b'. | Deze operai zal hij niet/zeker [AP ti zat] worden. |
| a. | [AP ti Vertrouwd]j is de omgeving die jongeni niet/zeker tj. |
| a'. | Die jongeni is de omgeving niet/zeker [AP ti vertrouwd]. |
| b. | [AP ti Aangeboren]j is de Universele Grammatica de mensi niet/zeker tj. |
| b'. | De mensi is de Universele Grammatica niet/zeker [AP ti aangeboren]. |
In the cases above, the noun phrases precede the clausal modifiers nietnot and zekercertainly, which shows that they have been moved leftward to an AP-external position. The instances in (93) and (94) show that the same is true in constructions without topicalization; since the noun phrases preferably precede the clausal modifier, the leftward movement is also strongly preferred in this case (although the effect seems less strong with zekercertainly in (93), especially when it is emphatically accented).
| a. | Hij is *?niet/?zeker [AP het Frans machtig]. |
| a'. | Hij is het Fransi niet/zeker [AP ti machtig]. |
| b. | Hij zal *?niet/?zeker [AP deze opera zat] worden. |
| b'. | Hij zal deze operai niet/zeker [AP ti zat] worden. |
| a. | * | De omgeving is niet/zeker [AP die jongen vertrouwd]. |
| a'. | De omgeving is die jongeni niet/zeker [AP ti vertrouwd]. |
| b. | * | De Universele Grammatica is niet/zeker [AP de mens aangeboren]. |
| b'. | De Universele Grammatica is de mensi niet/zeker [AP ti aangeboren]. |
The data above suggests that the noun phrase cannot remain in its base position immediately to the left of the adjective. This conclusion is also supported by the position of the nominal complement relative to the adverbial modifier of the adjective. Since modifiers are more peripheral in the projection of the head than complements, we would expect that the nominal complement could be placed between the adverbial modifier and the adjective; cf. the discussion of (82). However, this leads to unacceptability, as can be seen in (95); the nominal complements must precede the modifier vreselijk/ergextremely/very.
| a. | * | Hij | zal | vreselijk | deze opera | zat | worden. |
| he | will | extremely | this opera | weary | become | ||
| 'He will become very tired of this opera.' | |||||||
| a'. | Hij zal deze opera vreselijk zat worden. |
| b. | * | De omgeving | is erg | deze jongen | vertrouwd. |
| this area | is very | this boy | familiar | ||
| 'The area is very familiar to the boy.' | |||||
| b'. | De omgeving is deze jongen erg vertrouwd. |
We must conclude that nominal complements of adjectives cannot remain in their base position immediately to the left of the adjectival head, but must be moved leftward into some AP-external position. Why the noun phrase cannot remain in its base position is not clear at the moment.