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29.3. Modification of the adjectival part
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This section discusses the modification of the adjectival part of the partitive genitive construction. We will take the discussion on modification of the adjective in Chapter 25 as our lead. Subsection I discusses modification of partitive genitive adjectives by degree modifiers, while Subsection II looks at modification by nominal measure phrases. Subsection III continues with a discussion of equatives and comparatives, which we have argued in Chapter 26 to be a special case of modification. Finally, Subsection IV discusses modification by complex degree modifiers.

Before we start, we should point out a general property of modified partitive genitive constructions. Section 29.2.2 distinguished four classes of nominal(-like) elements that can act as the first part of a partitive genitive construction: inanimate quantificational pronouns like ietssomething, indefinite quantifier noun phrases like een heleboela lot of, quantifiers like veelmuch, and the sequence wat voor. If we look at degree modification of partitive genitive adjectives, it turns out that it only yields a fully acceptable result with a pronoun as the nominal part, as in the primeless examples in (101). The same thing is true for comparatives, as in the primed examples.

101
a. iets heel grappigs
  something very funny
a'. iets grappigers
  something funnier
b. ?? een heleboel heel grappigs
  a lot of very funny
b'. ?? een heleboel grappigers
  a lot of funnier
c. ?? veel heel grappigs
  much very funny
c'. ?? veel grappigers
  much funnier
d. ?? wat voor heel grappigs
  what sort of very funny
d'. *? wat voor grappigers
  what sort of funnier

Section 29.2.2, sub I, listed three members of the class of inanimate quantificational pronouns: ietssomething, nietsnothing and watsomething. These elements also have a different distribution: if the partitive genitive is a non-periphrastic comparative, as in the primeless examples in (102), all three give a fully acceptable result; however, if the partitive genitive is a periphrastic comparative, as in the primed examples of (102), the use of niets and wat leads to a marked result.

102
a. iets grappigers
  something funnier
a'. iets minder grappigs
  something less funny
b. niets grappigers
  nothing funnier
b'. ? niets minder grappigs
  nothing less funny
c. wat grappigers
  something funnier
c'. ? wat minder grappigs
  something less funny

The examples in (103) show that the use of niets and wat is also marked with an adjective modified by an adverb.

103
a. iets heel grappigs
  something very funny
b. ? niets heel grappigs
  nothing very funny
c. *? wat heel grappigs
  something very funny

For these reasons, the discussion in the following subsections will only consider partitive genitive adjectives preceded by the quantificational pronoun iets.

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[+]  I.  Adverbial modifiers

The examples in (104) show that partitive genitive adjectives can be modified by regular degree modifiers like erg/heel/zeervery and vrij/nogalrather. As with attributive and predicative adjectives, the adverb immediately precedes the partitive genitive.

104
a. iets zeer/vrij merkwaardigs
  something very/rather remarkable
b. iets behoorlijk/nogal zeldzaams
  something considerably/rather rare
c. iets heel erg verschrikkelijks
  something very very terrible
  'something absolutely awful'

Section 23.2 has shown that some adjectives are ambiguous between an adverbial and adjectival interpretation: goedwell/good and ergvery/terrible can either be used as a degree modifier of the partitive genitive, as in the primeless examples of (105), or as a partitive genitive adjective, as in the primed examples.

105
a. iets goed leesbaars
  something well readable
a'. iets goeds
  something good
b. iets erg kouds
  something very cold
b'. iets ergs
  something terrible
c. iets heel liefs
  something very sweet
c'. * iets heels
  something very

The degree modifier heelvery in (105c) can optionally carry the attributive -e inflection in examples such as (106a), as discussed in Section 27.2, sub IV, but it cannot be used as a predicative adjective; this correctly predicts that (105c') is unacceptable. For completeness’ sake, recall from Section 29.1, sub II, that the -s suffix differs from the attributive -e inflection in that it cannot be used on the degree modifier; cf. (106b).

106
a. een hele lekkere boterham
  a very tasty sandwich
b. iets heel/*heels lekkers
  something very tasty
[+]  II.  Nominal measure phrases

Section 25.1.4, sub II, has shown that in some cases modification by a nominal measure phrase is also possible. This is typical of measure adjectives of the kind given in (107).

107
a. Deze plank is drie cm breed.
  this plank is three cm wide
b. Deze muur is twee meter hoog.
  this wall is two meter high
c. Het gebouw is honderd jaar oud.
  the building is a.hundred year old
d. ?? De kaas is drie kilo zwaar.
  the cheese is three kilo heavy

Despite the fact that the modified APs in these examples function as predicates, they cannot easily be used in the partitive genitive constructions in (108). Nevertheless, the relative judgments on these examples more or less correspond to those on the predicative constructions in (107).

108
a. iets (%drie cm) breeds
  something three cm wide
b. iets (%twee meter) hoogs
  something two meter high
c. iets (%honderd jaar) ouds
  something a.hundred year old
d. iets (*drie kilo) zwaars
  something three kilo heavy

The fact that the examples in (108) are marked may have to do with the fact that the intended meaning can be expressed by the constructions in (109), in which the nominal measure phrase is preceded by the preposition vanof. Note that the adjectives in these cases are not inflected with a partitive genitive -s suffix, which suggests that we are dealing here with regular noun phrases comparable to een kast van twee meter hooga cupboard of two meters high.

109
a. iets van drie cm breed
  something of three cm wide
b. iets van twee meter hoog
  something of two meter high
c. iets van honderd jaar oud
  something of a.hundred year old
d. *? iets van drie kilo zwaar
  something of three kilo heavy

Partitive genitives derived from breed, hoog, oud and zwaar can also be modified by a regular degree modifier, as in (110). Section 23.3.2.2, sub ID, has shown that the measure adjectives in the copular constructions in (107) cannot be replaced by their antonyms. However, this is possible in the examples in (110). which suggests that the adjectives in (110) differ from those in (107) in that they do not function as the “neutral” form of the measure adjectives.

110
a. iets zeer breeds/smals
  something very wide/narrow
b. iets heel hoogs/laags
  something very high/low
c. iets zeer ouds/jongs
  something very old/young
d. iets erg zwaars/lichts
  something very heavy/light

From this perspective, the partitive genitives in (111), which are modified by the nominal phrase twee keer zotwice as, are also regular scalar adjectives. For completeness’ sake, the primed examples demonstrate that these acceptable partitive genitive constructions do not alternate with van-constructions of the type in (109); this may support the earlier suggestion that the examples in (108) are blocked by those in (109).

111
a. iets twee keer zo zwaars/lichts
  something twice as heavy/light
a'. ?? iets van twee keer zo zwaar/licht
b. iets twee keer zo groots/kleins
  something twice as big/small
b'. ?? iets van twee keer zo groot/klein

The primeless examples in (112) indicate that comparatives and adjectives preceded by the degree element tetoo can also be modified by nominal modifiers. However, the primed examples reveal that the use of such nominal modifiers in the partitive genitive construction leads to an unacceptable result.

112
a. Die kast is een stuk/een beetje/vijftig gulden duurder.
  that cupboard is a piece/a little/fifty guilders more.expensive
a'. iets ??een stuk/*?een beetje/?vijftig gulden duurders
b. Die kast is een stuk/een beetje/vijftig gulden te duur.
  that cupboard is a piece/a little/fifty guilders too expensive
b'. iets ??een stuk/*?een beetje/?vijftig gulden te duurs

For completeness’ sake, (113) shows that nominal constructions similar to those in (109) are also generally excluded. The examples with the nominal phrase vijftig guldenfifty guilders seem fully acceptable, which is compatible with the earlier suggestion that partitive genitive constructions can be blocked by nominal constructions of the type in (109), although it still leaves the unacceptability of een stuk and een beetje unresolved.

113
a. iets van *een stuk/*een beetje/vijftig gulden duurder
  something of a piece/a little/fifty guilders more.expensive
b. iets van *een stuk/*een beetje/vijftig gulden te duur
  something of a piece/a little/fifty guilders too expensive
[+]  III.  Equatives and comparatives

Adjectives in the equative degree can occur in partitive genitive constructions. With an accompanying comparative als-phrase, there is a slight preference to place the als-phrase after the verb(s) in clause-final position. This is illustrated in (114).

114
a. (?) Hij wilde iets even leuks als de vorige keer doen.
  he wanted something equally nice as the previous time do
  'He wanted to do something as nice as the previous time.'
b. Hij wilde iets even leuks doen als de vorige keer.

We have already seen in example (112a) that comparatives can be used in the partitive genitive construction. If the comparative is followed by a dan-phrase, there is again a preference to place the latter after the verb(s) in clause-final position; cf. the (a) and (b)-examples in (115). The (c)-examples show that the periphrastic comparatives behave in the same way as the morphologically complex ones.

115
a. (?) Hij wilde iets leukers dan de vorige keer doen.
  he wanted something nicer than the previous time do
  'He wanted to do something nicer than the last time.'
a'. Hij wilde iets leukers doen dan de vorige keer.
b. (?) Hij wilde iets interessanters dan die saaie lezing horen.
  he wanted something more.interesting than that boring lecture hear
  'He wanted to hear something more interesting than this boring lecture.'
b'. Hij wilde iets interessanters horen dan die saaie lezing.
c. (?) Hij wilde iets minder moeilijks dan de vorige keer doen.
  he wanted something less difficult than the previous time do
  'He wanted to do something less difficult than the previous time.'
c'. Hij wilde iets minder moeilijks doen dan de vorige keer.
[+]  IV.  Complex degree modifiers

The head-final filter on attributive adjectives, discussed in Section 27.3, sub IB, excludes attributive structures with the postadjectival degree modifier genoegenough, regardless of the position of the -e inflection; cf. Section 27.3, sub IIB, for a more detailed discussion.

116
a. * een groot genoeg inzet (om ...)
  a large enough dedication (to ...)
b. ?? een groot genoege inzet (om ...)
c. * een grote genoeg inzet (om ...)
d. * een grote genoege inzet (om ...)

Predicative constructions, on the other hand, are acceptable if an adjective is modified by genoeg: Zijn inzet was groot genoegHis dedication was great enough. Since we have seen that partitive genitive adjectives pattern with predicatively used adjectives, we expect that partitive genitive constructions are also possible, but this expectation is not borne out: the examples in (117) show that the construction is degraded, regardless of the position of the -s suffix.

117
a. ? iets groot genoegs
  something big enough
b. * iets groots genoeg
c. * iets groot genoeg
d. * iets groots genoegs

Section 25.1.3, sub ID, has shown that the complex degree modifier zo A mogelijkas A as possible exhibits exceptional behavior with respect to the head-final filter; the attributive use of zo A mogelijkas great as possible is possible when the -e ending appears on the degree modifier, as in een zo goedkoop mogelijke autoa car as cheap as possible. In the partitive genitive construction, modification by the complex degree modifier zo ... mogelijk is also possible; the inflectional pattern is similar to that in the attributive structure: the -s suffix must be realized on the postadjectival degree modifier mogelijk and not on the adjective groot. For completeness, note that the predicative use of the modified AP is also possible: cf. Zijn inzet was zo groot mogelijkHe gave his commitment his all (lit.: his dedication was as large as possible.

118
a. iets zo goedkoop mogelijks
  something as cheap as.possible
b. * iets zo goedkoops mogelijk
c. * iets zo goedkoop mogelijk
d. * iets zo goedkoops mogelijks

The examples in (72) have already shown that scalar adjectives in the positive degree can be modified by the degree modifier tetoo in the partitive genitive construction; this is illustrated again in (119a). The degree modifier itself can also be modified in turn, leading to the more complex constructions in (119b&c): in (119b), te is modified by veel, and in (119c), it is modified by the phrase niet al. Note that these modifiers cannot occur when te is not present: *iets veel/niet al duurs.

119
a. Hij kocht iets te duurs.
  he bought something too expensive
b. Hij kocht iets veel te duurs.
  he bought something far too expensive
c. Hij kocht iets niet al te duurs.
  he bought something not al too expensive

Adjectives modified by tetoo can optionally be followed by an infinitival degree clause; cf. Section 25.1.3, sub II. The examples in (120) show that the addition of an infinitival clause in the partitive genitive construction yields a degraded result if it is placed in preverbal position; placing the clause in postverbal position improves the result considerably. We have seen a similar effect in the comparative/superlative constructions in Subsection III.

120
a. *? dat ik rennen [iets te vermoeiends om te doen] vind.
  that I running something too tiring comp to do consider
  'that I consider running something too tiring to do.'
a'. (?) dat ik rennen iets te vermoeiends vind om te doen.
b. *? dat hij [iets te kleins om te gebruiken] kocht.
  that he something too small comp to use bought
  'that he bought something too little to use.'
b'. (?) dat hij iets te kleins kocht om te gebruiken.

The degree modifier zoso is often accompanied by a finite degree clause. Again, the partitive genitive construction is degraded when the degree clause occupies the preverbal position, while placing the clause in postverbal position notably improves the result. This is illustrated in (121).

121
a. * dat ik [iets zo saais dat ik ervan in slaap val] moet doen.
  that I something so boring that I there.of in sleep fall must do
  'that I must do something so boring that it makes me fall asleep.'
a'. (?) dat ik [iets zo saais] moet doen dat ik ervan in slaap val.
b. * dat ik [iets zo lelijks dat ik het heb geweigerd] aangeboden kreeg.
  that I something so ugly that I it have refused prt.-offered got
  'that I got offered something so ugly that I refused it.'
b'. (?) dat ik [iets zo lelijks] aangeboden kreeg dat ik het heb geweigerd.

Example (122a) shows that, unlike the other modifying adverbs, the element zo can also precede noun phrases such as een boeka book, and (122b) shows that it can also precede the whole partitive genitive construction. In these cases, however, zo seems to act as a demonstrative rather than a modifier; that it need not act as a modifier of the adjective in (122b) is clear from the fact that the adjective can be dropped without causing unacceptability.

122
a. zo een boek (zo’n boek)
  such a book
b. zo iets (saais)
  such something boring
  'something (boring) like that'

Nevertheless, as is shown in (123a&b), zo in pre-pronominal position can license a degree clause, just like zo in post-determiner position; cf. the examples in (121). If we compare the primeless and primed examples in (123), it becomes clear that omitting the adjective in this case yields a degraded result. This strongly suggests that in association with a degree clause, zo can modify the adjective, regardless of its position with respect to the pronoun.

123
a. (?) dat ik zo iets saais moet doen dat ik ervan in slaap val.
  that I so something boring must do that I there.of in sleep fall
a'. * dat ik zo iets moet doen dat ik ervan in slaap val.
b. (?) dat ik zo iets lelijks aangeboden kreeg dat ik het heb geweigerd.
  that I so something ugly prt.-offered got that I it have refused
b'. * dat ik zo iets aangeboden kreeg dat ik het heb geweigerd.
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