- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Verbs: Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I: Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 1.0. Introduction
- 1.1. Main types of verb-frame alternation
- 1.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 1.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 1.4. Some apparent cases of verb-frame alternation
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa: Selected clauses/verb phrases (introduction)
- 4.0. Introduction
- 4.1. Semantic types of finite argument clauses
- 4.2. Finite and infinitival argument clauses
- 4.3. Control properties of verbs selecting an infinitival clause
- 4.4. Three main types of infinitival argument clauses
- 4.5. Non-main verbs
- 4.6. The distinction between main and non-main verbs
- 4.7. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb: Argument and complementive clauses
- 5.0. Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 5.4. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc: Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId: Verb clustering
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I: General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II: Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- 11.0. Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1 and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 11.4. Bibliographical notes
- 12 Word order in the clause IV: Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 14 Characterization and classification
- 15 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 15.0. Introduction
- 15.1. General observations
- 15.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 15.3. Clausal complements
- 15.4. Bibliographical notes
- 16 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 16.2. Premodification
- 16.3. Postmodification
- 16.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 16.3.2. Relative clauses
- 16.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 16.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 16.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 16.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 17.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 17.3. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Articles
- 18.2. Pronouns
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Numerals and quantifiers
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Numerals
- 19.2. Quantifiers
- 19.2.1. Introduction
- 19.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 19.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 19.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 19.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 19.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 19.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 19.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 19.5. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Predeterminers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 20.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 20.3. A note on focus particles
- 20.4. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 22 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 23 Characteristics and classification
- 24 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 25 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 26 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 27 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 28 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 29 The partitive genitive construction
- 30 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 31 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- 32.0. Introduction
- 32.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 32.2. A syntactic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 32.4. Borderline cases
- 32.5. Bibliographical notes
- 33 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 34 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 35 Syntactic uses of adpositional phrases
- 36 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 32 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Syntax
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- General
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- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
This section discusses the syntactic distribution of noun phrases with the predeterminers bare al, alle + Num and simplex alle described in Section 20.1.2. We will examine them as arguments (subject, direct object, indirect object, complement of a preposition), as predicates and/or as adjuncts. We will also look at the distribution of noun phrases containing the forms allebei and beideboth.
Noun phrases with the predeterminers bare al, alle + Num/allebei, or simplex alle/beide all occur in argument positions, and there are no restrictions on the argument functions these phrases can have. Table 8 summarizes the distribution of the relevant noun phrases.
| bare al | alle + Num | allebei | alle | beide | |
| subject (82a) | + | + | + | + | + |
| derived subject (82a') | + | + | + | + | + |
| direct object (82b) | + | + | + | + | + |
| indirect object (82c) | + | + | + | + | + |
| object of preposition (82d) | + | + | + | + | + |
The examples in (82) illustrate the contexts in which the forms listed in the table can be inserted; note that, contrary to our usual convention, the parentheses around the article do not indicate that de is optional: it is obligatory with bare al, alle + Num, and allebei, but it cannot be realized with alle and beide. In the (a)-examples in (82), we are dealing with subjects; in the first example, the bracketed phrase is an underlying subject, and in the second (passive) example, it is a derived one. Examples (82b&c) illustrate the use of this phrase as a direct and indirect object, respectively, and (82d) illustrates its use as the object of a preposition.
| a. | [___ | (de) beurspromovendi] | werkten | hard aan hun proefschrift. | |
| [___ | the bursary.students | worked | hard on their dissertation |
| a'. | [___ | (de) beurspromovendi] | werden | door de commissie | ondervraagd. | |
| [___ | the bursary.students | were | by the committee | interrogated |
| b. | De commissie | ondervroeg [___ | (de) beurspromovendi]. | |
| the committee | interrogated | the bursary.students |
| c. | De commissie | stelde [___ | (de) beurspromovendi] | een vraag. | |
| the committee | posed | the bursary.students | a question |
| d. | De commissie | luisterde | aandachtig | naar [___ | (de) beurspromovendi]. | |
| the committee | listened | attentively | to | the bursary.students |
The distribution of al and its alternants within predicative noun phrases is rather limited. It seems that nominal predicates containing a form of al are more or less restricted to identificational copular constructions with the singular demonstrative dit/datthis/that or the singular neuter personal pronoun hetit as subject. Note that replacing the demonstrative in the primeless examples in (83) with the plural referential personal pronoun zijthey, which is expected to be acceptable since it agrees in number with the predicative noun phrase, systematically leads to more degraded results. This is shown by the primed examples. Example (83b) shows that even with the demonstrative pronoun as the subject of the copular construction, it is difficult to construct pragmatically felicitous examples for allebei. This probably has nothing to do with syntax, since noun phrases quantified by the otherwise identical quantifier alle + Num can be used as predicates; moreover, replacing allebei with alle twee also leads to a marked result.
| a. | Dat | zijn | al | de beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. | |
| that | are | all | the bursary.students of our department |
| a'. | ?? | Zij | zijn | al | de beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. |
| they | are | all | the bursary.students of our department |
| b. | Dat | zijn | alle | drie/??allebei | de beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. | |
| that | are | all | three/all-both | the bursary.students of our department |
| b'. | *? | Zij | zijn | alle | drie/allebei | de beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. |
| they | are | all | three/all-both | the bursary.students of our department |
| c. | Dat | zijn | alle/*beide | beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. | |
| that | are | all/both | bursary.students of our department |
| c'. | Zij | zijn | ?alle/*beide | beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. | |
| they | are | all/both | bursary.students of our department |
Two points need to be made about (83c&c') with beide. First, these examples show that beide is impossible as a quantifier of a predicate nominal. Instead, de beide must be used in such contexts: Dat/??Zij zijn de beide beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. This shows that, in contrast to what is the case in the templates in (82), beide and de beide do not alternate freely when they are understood as quantifiers of a predicative noun phrase. Second, example (83c) with beide should not be confused with (84), in which beiden is construed as a floating quantifier of the pronominal subject.
| Dat/Zij | zijn | beiden | beurspromovendi van onze vakgroep. | ||
| they | are | both | bursary.students of our department | ||
| 'They are both bursary students of our department.' | |||||
The two examples differ in their intonation pattern: while beide beurspromovendi in (83c) forms a single intonation phrase, beiden in (84) is followed by a brief break. Also, since the associate of the floating quantifier is [+human], the rules of orthography demand that an -n be added to beide in (84); cf. the introduction to Section 20.1.4.
The distribution of al phrases in adjunct positions is limited to phrases that function as temporal modifiers. In the case of bare al, the adverbial phrases in question can be headed by the singular noun tijdtime (85a) or by the plural nouns shown in (85b). The preferred determiner is the distal demonstrative die; the proximate demonstrative deze and the definite article de also occur but sound marked, although the article is quite common when the noun phrase is modified by e.g. a relative clause, as in al de keren dat hij hier wasall the times that he was here; cf. Section 16.3.2.2, sub V, for the use of the singular relative pronoun dat in this example instead of the plural relative pronoun die.
| a. | Hij | zat | al die/??deze/??de | tijd | niks | te doen. | |
| he | sat | all that/this/the | time | nothing | to do | ||
| 'He was doing nothing all that time.' | |||||||
| b. | Hij | zat | al die/??deze/??de | keren/uren/dagen/jaren | niks | te doen. | |
| he | sat | all those/these/the | times/hours/days/years | nothing | to do | ||
| 'He was doing nothing during all those occasions/hours/days/years.' | |||||||
For the other forms, only the plural nouns in (85b) are possible, if any. The acceptability of adjunct construal varies considerably from case to case; simplex alle in (86b) is fine with all the plural nouns listed, but other alternants choose only one or two. In (86a) the determiner is usually also the distal demonstrative die, although proper contextualization may make alle twee/allebei de keren felicitous.
| a. | Hij | zat | alle twee/allebei | die keren/?uren/?dagen/?jaren | niks | te doen. | |
| he | sat | all two/all-both | those times/hours/days/years | nothing | to do |
| b. | Hij | zat | alle keren/uren/dagen/jaren | niks | te doen. | |
| he | sat | all times/hours/days/years | nothing | to do |
| c. | Hij | zat | beide keren/?uren/dagen/??jaren | niks | te doen. | |
| he | sat | both times/hours/days/years | nothing | to do |
The examples in (87) show that although alle can be combined with the singular noun tijd in the high-degree reading “lots of time” (cf. 20.1.1, sub III), it cannot be construed with tijd to form a temporal adjunct. To express what the English translation of (87b) expresses, Dutch resorts to al die tijd in (85b) or alternatively heel de/die tijd or de/die hele tijdthe whole time; cf. Section 20.2.
| a. | Ik | heb | alle tijd. | |
| I | have | all time | ||
| 'I have lots of time.' | ||||
| b. | * | Ik | heb | alle tijd | niks | zitten | doen. |
| I | have | all time | nothing | sit | do | ||
| 'I was doing nothing all [of] the time.' | |||||||