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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
21.3.A note on focus particles
quickinfo
This section looks once more at the predeterminers alall and heelwhole and their alternates. These two predeterminers do not exhaust the possibilities, as the examples in (340) show that focus particles like zelfseven, ookalso and alleenonly can also precede the determiner. That the focus particle and the noun phrase form a constituent follows robustly from the fact that they can occur together in the clause-initial position; cf. the constituency test.
340
| a. | Zelfs de buurman | heb | ik | niets | verteld. | |
| even the neighbor | have | I | nothing | told | ||
| 'Even the neighbor, I didnʼt tell anything.' | ||||||
| b. | Ook | de buurman | vindt | dat | het huis | geschilderd | moet | worden. | |
| also | the neighbor | finds | that | the house | painted | must | be | ||
| 'The neighbor also thinks that the house must be painted.' | |||||||||
| c. | Alleen de buurman | heb | ik | nog | niets | verteld. | |
| only the neighbor | have | I | yet | nothing | told | ||
| 'Only the neighbor I have not told anything yet.' | |||||||
On the other hand, the examples in (341) show that at least some of the focus particles need not be part of the noun phrase, but can also be used independently in the clause.
341
| a. | De buurman | heb | ik | zelfs | niets | verteld. | |
| the neighbor | have | I | even | nothing | told | ||
| 'I didnʼt even tell the neighbor anything.' | |||||||
| b. | De buurman | vindt ook | dat | het huis | geschilderd | moet | worden. | |
| the neighbor | finds also | that | the house | painted | must | be | ||
| 'The neighbor also thinks that the house must be painted.' | ||||||||
| c. | ? | De buurman | heb | ik | alleen | nog | niets | verteld. |
| the neighbor | have | I | only | yet | nothing | told | ||
| 'Only, I haven't told the neighbor yet.' | ||||||||
The examples in (342) further show that focus particles and the predeterminers discussed in this chapter can co-occur, in which case they appear in a strict order; cf. Van de Velde (2014).
342
| a. | Jan heeft | ook al de boeken | meegenomen | |
| Jan has | also all the book | prt.-taken | ||
| 'Jan has also taken all the books with him.' | ||||
| b. | Jan heeft | zelfs heel het huis | schoongemaakt. | |
| Jan has | even whole the house | clean.made | ||
| 'Jan has even cleaned the entire house.' | ||||
Focus particles differ crucially from predeterminers in that they do not only occur with noun phrases, but can also be combined with other types of phrases; the cases in (343) illustrate this for PPs.
343
| a. | Zelfs/Ook met de buurman | heb | ik | nog niet | gesproken. | |
| even/also with the neighbor | have | I | not yet | spoken | ||
| 'Even/Also with the neighbor, I havenʼt spoken yet.' | ||||||
| b. | Met de buurman | heb | ik | zelfs/ook | nog | niet | gesproken. | |
| with the neighbor | have | I | even/also | yet | not | spoken | ||
| 'With the neighbor I havenʼt even/also spoken yet.' | ||||||||
The instances in (341)-(343) show that focus particles and the predeterminers al and heel cannot be treated in the same way. We will discuss the syntax of focus particles in more detail in Section V13.3.2, sub IC.
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