Example (2) gives several types of nouns that are frequently used as N1s in a QC. These nouns share the semantic property that they can be used to refer to a certain number of entities or a certain quantity of a substance denoted by N2.

Often, some nouns act as belonging to more than one group, which may give rise to ambiguity. This holds especially for quantifier nouns, which often may be either purely quantificational (that is, without any descriptive content), or more referential, that is, with descriptive content that enables them to refer to an entity. A clear example is the noun paar 'couple' . The QC in (3a) is ambiguous between two readings. On the first reading, the noun paar acts as a quantifier noun and can be translated as “couple/number of”: the noun has a purely quantificational function and QC refers to a small number of shoes. On the second reading, the noun acts as a collective noun and must be translated as “pair of”: the noun has descriptive content that enables it to denote a certain set of entities, and the QC refers to two shoes that form a pair. Observe that the quantificational reading is not available if N1 is preceded by a definite article, as in (3b).

Another example involves the noun aantal 'number' in (4). Example (4a) shows that the noun aantal can be used as a quantifier noun if it is preceded by the indefinite article een 'a' : the QC refers to a small, but indefinite number of students. However, if aantal is preceded by the definite article het 'the' , as in (4b), it must refer to an actual number; in this case it probably acts as a measure noun.

It is not clear whether the classification in (2) is exhaustive, and occasionally it may be difficult to decide to which semantic class a certain N1 belongs. Furthermore, N1s tend to shift from one class to another (especially in the direction of quantifier nouns) when their referring force weakens, which is what probably happened to the nouns paar and aantal in (3) and (4), and the same thing may be true for the quantifier noun hoop , which is related to the collective noun hoop 'heap' . In this subsection, such N1s will mainly be discussed in their (unmarked) function as quantifier nouns.
      Finally, it can be noted that many nouns that normally do not occur as N1 can enter QCs if they are followed by the unstressed adjective vol 'full' in (5a); some formations, like een handvol 'a handful of' , are even fully lexicalized. The quantificational adjective heel 'complete' and some other attributive adjectives may have a similar effect. Some examples are given in (5b&c).

Example (6) shows that an N2 can be either a plural count noun or a non-count noun: singular count nouns cannot be used as such. What these two categories have in common is the property of cumulativity or divisibility: the union of two sets of entities denoted by a plural noun results in a larger set of the same entities, and the division of such a set of entities results in smaller sets of the same entities; similarly the union of two quantities of a substance denoted by a non-count noun results in a larger quantity of the same substance, and the division of a quantity of a substance results in smaller quantities of the same substance. This property does not hold for singular nouns: a singular noun refers to an entity and the union of two entities forms a set, while the division of an entity results in entities of a different kind.

Example (6) also shows that the part nouns are special in licensing non-count nouns only. There are more instances where additional requirements apply. A quantifier noun like sloot , which literally means “ditch”, for example, can normally only be combined with a substance noun denoting a liquid. This is shown in (7a). Similarly, many collective nouns impose special requirements on N2: the collective noun kudde 'herd/flock' in (7b) can only be combined with nouns referring to certain species of mammals, zwerm 'swarm' mainly with certain types of flying insects, vlucht 'flock' only with birds, school 'shoal' only with fish, etc.

These special restrictions are by no means strict but violating them will generally result in some special effect. The collective noun kudde 'herd/flock' , for example, can be used derogatively in combination with nouns referring to people, as in example (8a). Here the noun kudde is used figuratively, and as a result (8a) can be used to refer to students with certain properties that are normally attributed to elephants or cattle, like being noisy/destructive or docile. In the case of the noun sloot 'ditch' , the difference between (7a) and (8b) has nothing to do with figurative speech, given that sloot is hardly ever used literally in QCs; instead, the difference here seems to be that between substances that could fill a ditch and things that could not. In the latter case, sloot can also be followed by a plural noun, and the meaning conveyed is typically negative, e.g., “too many”.