- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
The section discusses the use of allemaal as a modifier of the noun phrase. We will start by showing that this use is limited in the sense that it is only possible in bare (determiner-less) indefinite noun phrases. Subsection II will show that the modifier allemaal does not contribute universal quantification; this interpretation of allemaal is only found in its prototypical use as a floating quantifier, which will be discussed in Section 7.1.5.2, sub II. Subsection III will conclude with a discussion of the restrictions allemaal imposes on accompanying determiners and quantificational elements.
The use of allemaal as a modifier of the noun phrase is limited in the sense that it is only possible in bare (determiner-less) indefinite noun phrases: Table 9 shows that allemaal combines neither with singular count noun phrases, nor with plural noun phrases headed by a definite determiner (which is possible in, e.g., West-Flemish).
singular | plural | |
definite | *allemaal het boek altogether the book | *allemaal de boeken altogether the books |
indefinite | *allemaal een boek altogether a book | allemaal ∅ boeken altogether books ‘all kinds of books’ |
Allemaal is also prohibited in noun phrases headed by pluralia tantum, like (120a), and in noun phrases headed by plurals that denote a conventionally fixed unit, like (120b).
a. | * | allemaal | tropen |
altogether | tropics |
b. | * | allemaal | Verenigde Staten |
altogether | United States |
The examples in (121) show that allemaal readily allows construal with the bare non-count nouns in (121), and the same thing holds for the deverbal nouns in (122), with the exception of the nominal infinitive. Note that adding a definite or indefinite article to these examples will result in ungrammaticality.
a. | allemaal | wijn/fruit/suiker/vlees | substance nouns | |
altogether | wine/fruit/sugar/meat |
b. | allemaal | vee/gevogelte | mass nouns | |
altogether | cattle/fowl |
c. | allemaal | ellende/verdriet/onzin | abstract nouns | |
altogether | misery/sorrow/nonsense |
a. | allemaal | werk | bare stem | |
altogether | work |
b. | allemaal | gedoe/gezeur/?gewerk | ge-nominalization | |
altogether | fuss/nagging/work |
c. | * | allemaal | werken | inf-nominalization |
altogether | work |
Noun phrases modified by allemaal are typically weak, which is clear from the fact illustrated in (123) that, when used as a subject, they normally require the expletive er to be present. The primed examples of (123), in which the modified noun phrase is topicalized across the expletive, clearly show that allemaal forms a constituent with the noun following it (the constituency test).
a. | Er | liggen | allemaal boeken | in de gang. | |
there | lie | altogether books | in the hall |
a'. | Allemaal boeken | liggen | *(er) | in de gang. | |
altogether books | lie | there | in the hall |
b. | Er | valt | allemaal stof | op de grond. | |
there | falls | altogether dust | on the floor |
b'. | Allemaal stof | valt | *(er) | op de grond. | |
altogether dust | falls | there | on the floor |
Having established that the only types of noun phrases that allemaal can form a constituent with are bare plurals and bare non-count nouns, we will moe on to discuss the meaning of allemaal as a modifier of the noun phrase and the restrictions it imposes on other elements with the noun phrase.
Though allemaal can be used as a modifier in noun phrases headed by a plural count noun or a non-count noun, it should be noted that it does not contribute universal quantification in this case: an example such as allemaal boeken cannot be rendered by means of “all books” in English. In this respect the dependent use of allemaal differs from its prototypical use as a floating quantifier, which is discussed in Section 7.1.5.2, sub II. The following subsections discuss the semantic contributions that dependent allemaal can make.
Examples such as allemaal boeken with count nouns typically receive a “sorting” interpretation: “all kinds of books”; this reading is sometimes also available for the non-count nouns in (121), depending on context. Haeseryn et al. (1997) qualifies this usage of allemaal as typical for the informal register; it is indeed extremely widespread in spoken Dutch, and exceedingly rare in formal written language. On this “sorting” reading, allemaal can often be replaced with allerlei (or archaic allerhande), although the resulting examples involving a substance noun seem somewhat degraded.
a. | allerlei ∅ | boeken | |
all-sorts [of] | books |
b. | allerlei | ?wijn/?fruit/*?suiker/??vlees | |
all-sorts [of] | wine/fruit/sugar/meat |
b'. | allerlei | vee/gevogelte | |
all-sorts [of] | cattle/fowl |
b''. | allerlei | ellende/verdriet/onzin | |
all-sorts [of] | misery/sorrow/nonsense |
Just like alle (cf. Section 7.1.1, sub III), allemaal may receive a high degree interpretation. This is often the more natural interpretation for the substance nouns in (121). It seems that pragmatics and grammatical/semantic context may both affect the choice between the two readings in (125). For example, it seems that the expletive er construction favors the high degree interpretation.
a. | Ik | heb | allemaal | fruit | gekocht. | |
I | have | altogether | fruit | bought | ||
Possible reading: 'Iʼve bought all kinds/sorts of fruits.' | ||||||
Possible reading: 'Iʼve bought lots of fruits.' |
b. | Er | ligt | allemaal suiker | op tafel. | |
there | lies | altogether sugar | on the.table | ||
Possible reading: 'Thereʼs lots of sugar lying on the table.' | |||||
Impossible reading: 'There are all sorts/kinds of sugar lying on the table.' |
The high degree interpretation of allemaal is available for bare plurals as well, especially if used in existential/presentational er constructions; to obtain the “all kinds/sorts of” reading in (126b), allerlei will normally be used instead.
a. | Ik | heb | allemaal fouten | gemaakt. | |
I | have | altogether mistakes | made | ||
Possible reading: 'Iʼve made all sorts of mistakes.' | |||||
Marginallypossible reading: 'Iʼve made lots of mistakes.' |
b. | Er | zitten | allemaal | fouten | in de tekst. | |
there | sit | altogether | mistakes | in the text | ||
Possible reading: 'There are lots of mistakes in the text.' | ||||||
Impossible reading: 'There are all sorts of mistakes in the text.' |
The very high degree interpretation of allemaal can be paraphrased with the aid of niets dan'nothing but'. In Standard Dutch (but not in, e.g., West-Flemish), this reading is restricted to predicatively used abstract non-count nouns like ellende'misery' and onzin'nonsense'; the examples in (127a) are typical cases of this interpretation of allemaal. It is not entirely clear, however, whether allemaal ellende/onzin must be construed as a constituent or not, or whether allemaal is a floating quantifier associated with the demonstrative dat. Topicalization, as in (127b&b'), does not give a robust result; neither example is particularly felicitous, but neither seems ungrammatical either. We will see in Section 7.1.5.2, sub II, however, that the nominal predicate can be replaced by an adjectival one (e.g., Dat is allemaal erg raar'That is all very strange'), which suggests that it is at least possible to interpret allemaal as a floating quantifier associated with dat.
a. | Dat is | allemaal | ellende/onzin! | |
that is | altogether | misery/nonsense | ||
'That is nothing but misery/nonsense!' |
b. | ? | Allemaal ellende/onzin is dat! |
b'. | ?? | Ellende/Onzin is dat allemaal! |
The introduction to this section has shown that allemaal can only be construed with bare noun phrases in Standard Dutch. This was demonstrated only for articles, but it holds also for demonstratives and possessives. Occasionally, examples such as (128a) can be found in which allemaal seems to form a constituent with a +human personal pronoun. It should be noted, however, that, insofar as (128a) is acceptable, it involves universal quantification: since this is the reading typically found with the floating quantifier allemaal in the primed examples in (128), this casts doubt on the assumption that we are dealing with a modifier; see Section 7.1.5.2, sub II, for more on the floating quantifier use of allemaal.
a. | ?? | (Wat die kinderen betreft,) | zij allemaal | zijn | erg slim. |
what those children concerns | they altogether | are | very smart |
a'. | Zij/Ze | zijn | allemaal | erg slim. | |
they | are | altogether | very smart | ||
'They are all very smart.' |
b. | * | (Wat die problemen betreft,) | zij allemaal | zijn | zeer ernstig. |
what those problems concerns | they altogether | are | very serious |
b'. | Ze | zijn | allemaal | erg ernstig. | |
they | are | altogether | very serious | ||
'Theyʼre all very serious.' |
If we assume that we may dismiss examples such as (128a) as irrelevant, we can maintain that allemaal can only form a constituent with bare plurals and bare non-count nouns. It should be noted, however, that these categories allow the insertion of the indefinite determiner-like elements dat/dit/zulk soort'such' between allemaal and the noun phrase, albeit that for the majority of speakers these elements must be preceded by van in constructions such as (129).
a. | Ze | kraamt | allemaal | %(van) | dat/dit/zulk soort onzin | uit. | |
she | screams | altogether | of | that/this/such sort nonsense | prt. | ||
'Sheʼs uttering lots of/nothing but such nonsense.' |
b. | Er | zitten | allemaal | %(van) | dat/dit/zulk soort fouten in deze tekst. | |
there | sit | altogether | of | that/this/such sort mistakes in this text | ||
'This text is full of such mistakes.' |
The question that arises with respect to the examples with van is whether we are dealing with a partitive construction here. This question is difficult to answer with certainty, but if these are partitive constructions, they are anomalous in the sense that the felicity of van depends entirely on the presence of the indefinite determiner-like elements dat/dit/zulk soort; in the absence of these, the examples in (129) are ungrammatical.
a. | * | allemaal | van | onzin |
altogether | of | nonsense |
b. | * | allemaal | van | fouten |
altogether | of | mistakes |
The ungrammatical examples in (130) can be salvaged by placing die between van and the noun, as shown in (131). These noun phrases instantiate the pseudo-partitive van die N construction discussed in Section 5.2.3.2, sub IIE, whose semantics is close to that of zulke N and can best be rendered in English as “such Ns”.
a. | allemaal | van | die onzin | |
altogether | of | such nonsense |
b. | allemaal | van die | fouten | |
all-sorts | of those (= such) | mistakes |
Allemaal thus differs from the other al-quantifiers in being the only one that can precede pseudo-partitive phrases, where it receives the “sorting” interpretation discussed in Section 7.1.5.1, sub IIA. Given that we have seen there that on this reading allemaal generally alternates with allerlei, it does not come as a surprise that examples (129b) and (131b) have grammatical counterparts featuring allerlei, as shown in (132); although some speakers may object to these examples, they occur frequently on the internet.
a. | allerlei | %(van) | dat/dit/zulk soort fouten | |
all-sorts | of | that/this/such sort mistakes |
b. | allerlei | van die | fouten | |
all-sorts | of those (= such) | mistakes |
Finally, it can be noted that it is impossible for allemaal to be used as a modifier with noun phrases that are independently quantified, as shown in (133).
a. | (*allemaal) | enige/sommige | boeken | |
altogether | some | books |
b. | (*allemaal) | veel/weinig | boeken | |
altogether | many/few | books |
c. | (*allemaal) | tien | boeken | |
altogether | ten | books |
d. | (*allemaal) | elke/iedere | wijn | |
altogether | every | wine |
Example (134) shows that the modifier allemaal does not behave like a definite determiner when it comes to the determination of adjectival inflection; the attributively used adjective slim cannot be inflected. In this respect allemaal exhibits the same behavior as the quantifier alle in the somewhat marginal example (70a) in Section 7.1.2.2, sub IIB, although the two cannot serve as each otherʼs paraphrase; while alle in (70a) expresses universal quantification, allemaal in (134) has the “sorting” interpretation mentioned in Section 7.1.5.1, sub IIA.
Allemaal | slim/*slimme | geknoei | in de handel. | ||
altogether | clever | fiddling | in the commerce | ||
'all sorts of clever fiddling in commerce' |
Externally, noun phrases modified by allemaal also behave like weak noun phrases, which is evident from the fact that they can occur as the subject in expletive er constructions; cf. (125b) and (126b), repeated here as (135).
a. | Er | ligt | allemaal suiker | op tafel. | |
there | lies | altogether sugar | on the.table | ||
'Thereʼs lots of sugar lying on the table.' |
b. | Er | zitten | allemaal | fouten | in de tekst. | |
there | sit | altogether | mistakes | in the text | ||
'There are lots of mistakes in the text.' |
- 1997Algemene Nederlandse spraakkunstGroningenNijhoff
