- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
Non-spatial/temporal adverbial PPs like those given in (94) behave like spatial and temporal adverbial PPs: they can be topicalized and undergo PP-over-V, but they do not allow R-extraction.
| a. | dat | Jan | dankzij | haar hulp | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. | |
| that | Jan | thanks.to | her help | his work | can | finish | ||
| 'that Jan could finish his work thanks to her help.' | ||||||||
| b. | dat | de reis | vanwege de kou | wordt | afgelast. | |
| that | the trip | because.of the cold | is | canceled | ||
| 'that the trip is canceled because of the cold.' | ||||||
The examples in (95) show that topicalization of a non-spatial/temporal adverbial phrase is possible.
| a. | Dankzij | haar hulp | kan | Jan zijn werk | afmaken. | |
| thanks.to | her help | can | Jan his work | finish |
| b. | Vanwege de kou | wordt | de reis | afgelast. | |
| because of the cold | is | the trip | canceled |
As with spatial and temporal adverbial phrases, the term scrambling does not apply in the case of the non-spatial/temporal adverbial phrases. We can simply assume that such adverbial phrases occupy their base-position in the middle field. The word order between the adverbial phrases does, however, have an impact on the semantics of the clause. This is especially clear if a modal clausal adverb like waarschijnlijk is involved. Consider the examples in (96).
| a. | Jan kan waarschijnlijk | dankzij | haar hulp | zijn werk | afmaken. | |
| Jan can probably | thanks.to | her help | his work | finish | ||
| 'Jan can probably finish his work thanks to her help.' | ||||||
| a'. | Jan kan | dankzij | haar hulp | waarschijnlijk | zijn werk | afmaken. | |
| Jan can | thanks.to | her help | probably | his work | finish | ||
| 'Thanks to her help Jan can probably finish his work.' | |||||||
| b. | De reis | wordt | waarschijnlijk | vanwege de kou | afgelast. | |
| the trip | is | probably | because.of the cold | canceled | ||
| 'The trip is probably canceled because of the cold.' | ||||||
| b'. | De reis | wordt | vanwege de kou | waarschijnlijk | afgelast. | |
| the trip | is | because.of the cold | probably | canceled | ||
| 'Because of the cold the trip is probably canceled.' | ||||||
Semantically, the primeless and primed examples differ in the relative scope of the modal adverb and the adverbial PPs; the adverbial PPs are in the scope of the clausal adverb in the primeless but not in primed examples. This results in the following meaning differences: (96a) expresses that Jan will finish his work and that this is probably possible thanks to her help, whereas (96a') expresses that thanks to her help Jan will probably finish his work; (96b) expresses that the trip is canceled and that this is probably because of the cold, whereas (96b') expresses that because of the cold the trip is likely to be canceled.
The examples in (97) show that PP-over-V of the non-spatial/temporal PPs is possible.
| a. | dat | Jan | zijn werk | kan | afmaken | dankzij haar hulp. | |
| that | Jan | his work | can | finish | thanks.to her help | ||
| 'that Jan can finish his work thanks to her help.' | |||||||
| b. | dat | de reis | wordt | afgelast | vanwege de kou. | |
| that | the trip | is | canceled | because.of the cold | ||
| 'that the trip is canceled because of the cold.' | ||||||
If two (non-spatial/temporal) PPs are strictly ordered in the middle field of the clause, the order is reversed under PP-over-V. This is illustrated in (98).
| a. | Jan heeft | wegens ziekte van de voorzitter | namens de commissie | gesproken. | |
| Jan has | because.of illness of the chairman | in.name.of the committee | spoken | ||
| 'Because of the illness of the chairman Jan spoke on behalf of the committee.' | |||||
| a'. | * | Jan heeft namens de commissie wegens ziekte van de voorzitter gesproken. |
| b. | Jan heeft gesproken namens de commissie wegens ziekte van de voorzitter. |
| b'. | * | Jan heeft gesproken wegens ziekte van de voorzitter namens de commissie. |
R-extraction from non-spatial/temporal PPs is generally excluded, which is not surprising given that such adverbial PPs normally do not even allow the process of R-pronominalization. This is illustrated in (99).
| a. | dat | Jan | dankzij haar hulp | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. | |
| that | Jan | thanks.to her help | his work | can | finish |
| a'. | * | dat | Jan daar | dankzij | zijn werk | kan | afmaken. |
| that | Jan there | thanks.to | his work | can | finish |
| b. | dat | de reis | vanwege de kou | wordt | afgelast. | |
| that | the trip | because.of the cold | is | canceled |
| b'. | * | dat | de reis | daar | vanwege | wordt | afgelast. |
| that | the trip | there | because | is | canceled |
| a. | Jan opende | het blik | met een schroevendraaier. | |
| Jan opened | the can | with a screw driver |
| b. | Jan opende | er | het blik | mee. | |
| Jan opened | there | the can | with | ||
| 'Jan opened the can with it.' | |||||
