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21.2.2.2.Postdeterminer inflectible heel
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This section discusses the syntactic distribution of inflectible heel; again, we distinguish between its purely adjectival and quantificational use. Subsection I first shows that postdeterminer adjectival heel behaves like an ordinary attributive adjective in its syntactic distribution; it also differs from predeterminer bare heel in that it can be used in plural noun phrases. Subsection II focuses exclusively on postdeterminer quantificational heel. While Section 21.2.2.1 has shown that bare heel corresponds closely to bare al, this section will show that schwa-inflected hele differs from schwa-inflected alle in that it is not in complementary distribution with the determiners.

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[+]  I.  Adjectival heel

Section 21.2.1.2, sub I, has paraphrased the meaning of postdeterminer adjectival heelwhole by English adjectives like intact, complete, not broken, and full. It should not surprise us then that it often alternates with regular attributive adjectival phrases; some more examples are given in (286). The adjective geheel in de gehele taart/verzamelingthe complete cake/collection, derived from heel by means of the prefix ge-, will be discussed in Section 21.2.2.3.

286
a. de hele/complete taart
  the whole/complete cake
b. de hele/volledige verzameling
  the whole/complete collection
c. de hele/(goed) werkende computer
  the whole/well-functioning computer
d. het hele/ongeschonden glas
  the whole/ unblemished  glass
e. de hele/volle fles
  the whole/full bottle

Since adjectival heel is a regular adjective, its distribution in the noun phrase is identical to that of other adjectives of the same semantic type (i.e. non-gradable adjectives); cf. A28. Table 13 also shows that in this usage postdeterminer inflectible heel can occur in singular and plural [+count] noun phrases. A comparison with Table 10 in Section 21.2.2.1, sub I, shows that inflectible heel differs from predeterminer bare heel in this respect.

Table 13: Postdeterminer adjectival heel in noun phrases headed by a count noun
singular plural
[-neuter] [+neuter]
definite
articles
de hele taart
the whole cake
het hele glas
the whole glass
de hele taarten/glazen
the whole cakes/glasses
demonstrative
pronouns
die hele taart
that whole cake
dat hele glas
that whole glass
die hele taarten/glazen
those whole cakes/glasses
deze hele taart
this whole cake
dit hele glas
this whole glass
deze hele taarten/glazen
these whole cakes/glasses
possessive
pronouns
mijn hele taart
my whole cake
mijn hele glas
my whole glass
(?)mijn hele taarten/glazen
my whole cakes/glasses

Although adjectival heel can easily be combined with plural count nouns, it is difficult to find felicitous examples with pluralia tantum. Example (287a) may work reasonably well with an interpretation of heel as gaafunscathed; its status is more or less the same as that of its paraphrase with a relative clause in (287b), in which heel is used as a predicate.

287
a. # de hele hersenen
  the whole brains
  'the whole/intact brain'
b. # de herseneni [diei (nog) heel zijn]
  the brains that still whole are
  'the brain that is (still) intact'

For formal plurals denoting a conventionally fixed unit, no context can be found in which adjectival heel can plausibly be used as a modifier meaning “intact”, etc.; Subsection II will show that heel receives a quantificational reading in this context. The lexical semantics of adjectival heel also makes it impossible to combine it with non-count nouns; cf. $de hele/complete wijn (lit.: the whole/complete wine) and $het hele/complete vee (lit.: the whole/complete cattle). This concludes our discussion of the adjectival use of postdeterminer inflectible heel; the remainder of this section will focus on its quantificational uses.

[+]  II.  Quantificational heel

This section presents an overview of the distribution of postdeterminer inflectible heel within the noun phrase. Subsection A first discusses the types of noun phrase that can contain this postdeterminer. This is followed in Subsection B by a discussion of the restrictions that heel that imposes on other elements in the noun phrase.

[+]  A.  Quantificational inflectible heel and noun phrase types

Table 14 shows that quantificational inflectible heel can be placed to the right of a determiner in neuter and non-neuter singular [+count] noun phrases. However, it is difficult to use quantificational heel in plural noun phrases.

Table 14: Postdeterminer [+Q] heel in noun phrases headed by definite count nouns
singular plural
[-neuter] [+neuter]
definite
articles
de hele stad
the whole town
het hele huis
the whole house
*de hele steden/huizen
the whole towns/houses
demonstrative
pronouns
die hele stad
that whole town
dat hele huis
that whole house
??die hele steden/huizen
those whole towns/houses
deze hele stad
this whole town
dit hele huis
this whole house
*?deze hele steden/huizen
these whole towns/houses
possessive
pronouns
mijn hele stad
my whole town
mijn hele huis
my whole house
*mijn hele steden/huizen
my whole towns/houses

The acceptability judgments on the plural noun phrases seem to be determined by the semantics of heel. Section 21.2.1.2, sub II, has shown that postdeterminer heel has a variety of quantificational interpretations; totality, degree and negative polarity are the three main instantiations. The core quantificational semantics of totality is the most salient component of the interpretation of singular examples. In definite plurals, on the other hand, the totality reading is unavailable, or at least very difficult to obtain, which accounts for the unacceptability of most of these cases. Some concrete examples in context are given in (288).

288
a. De hele stad werd leeggeroofd.
  the whole city was robbed.empty
  'The whole city was looted.'
a'. * De hele steden werden leeggeroofd.
  the whole city were robbed.empty
b. Het hele huis is schoongemaakt.
  the whole house is clean.made
  'The whole house has been cleaned.'
b'. * De hele huizen zijn schoongemaakt.
  the whole houses are clean.made

Plural examples with the distal demonstrative die (and perhaps also those with the proximate demonstrative deze) seem marginally possible on a negative polarity reading; cf. ??Die hele steden/huizen interesseren me nietThose cities/houses do not interest me at all. Totality and degree interpretations, on the other hand, are categorically excluded; they are reserved for bare (i.e. determinerless) plurals, as in (289).

289
∅ Hele steden/huizen werden verwoest.
  ∅ entire towns/houses were destroyed
'Entire cities/houses were destroyed.'

Since pluralia tantum and group-denoting plurals preceded by the definite article refer to a unit, they are eligible for the totality interpretation of hele, unlike the regular plurals in Table 14.

290
a. de hele hersenen
  the whole brains
c. de hele Verenigde Staten
  the whole United States
b. de hele tropen
  the whole tropics
d. de hele Antillen
  the whole Antilles

Quantificational hele can also be construed with abstract non-count nouns, although adding hele to a substance noun is difficult, if at all possible: in Table 15 we show this only for [-neuter] nouns. Adding postdeterminer heel to noun phrases headed by a mass noun leads to a degraded result. Postdeterminer heel matches predeterminer bare heel perfectly in this respect; cf. Section 21.2.2.1, sub I. Note that the examples with the distal demonstratives die/dat are perfectly acceptable on a negative polarity reading.

Table 15: Postdeterminer [+Q] heel in noun phrases headed by a non-count noun
substance nouns abstract nouns mass nouns
definite
articles
*de hele wijn
the whole wine
de hele ellende
the whole misery
??het hele vee
the whole cattle
demonstrative
pronouns
*die hele wijn
that whole wine
die hele ellende
that whole misery
??dat hele vee
that whole cattle
*deze hele wijn
this whole wine
deze hele ellende
this whole misery
??dit hele vee
this whole cattle
possessive
pronouns
*mijn hele wijn
my whole wine
zijn hele ellende
his whole misery
??mijn hele vee
my whole cattle

The parallel between inflectible and bare heel goes further. The examples in (291) show that, as in the case of bare predeterminer heel in (266), contexts in which wijn and water are conceived as units/bodies of liquid are at least marginally possible; cf. totalfishing.nl/laatste-nieuws/articles/fragment-uit-de-dunne-lijn-1# for (291b).

291
a. ? De hele rode wijn is op.
  the whole red wine is up
  'The red wine is completely finished.'
b. Verspreid het voer zoveel mogelijk over het hele water.
  scatter the feed as.much.as possible over the whole water
  'Scatter the feed as much as possible across the whole of the water.'

Furthermore, as in the case of predeterminer heel in (267), examples such as (292c) are well-formed. The totality semantics of postdeterminer heel is responsible for this contrast; the discussion in Section 21.2.2.1, sub I, therefore largely carries over to the present examples.

292
a. ?? Het hele vee van boer Harms leed aan BSE.
  the whole cattle of farmer Harms suffered from BSE
b. ?? Het hele fruit in de krat was beschimmeld.
  the whole fruit in the crate was moldy
c. Het hele verkeer stond vast.
  the whole traffic stood fast [≈ got snarled]

Postdeterminer heel is also possible with deverbal bare stem nouns, just like predeterminer heel in Table 12. The examples with nominal infinitives and ge-nominalizations are perhaps slightly better than in the case of predeterminer heel, but still distinctly odd.

Table 16: Postdeterminer [+Q] heel in noun phrases headed by a deverbal noun
bare stem nominal infinitive ge-nominalization
definite
articles
het hele werk
the whole work
*?het hele werken
the whole working
*?het hele gewerk
the whole working
demonstrative
pronouns
dat hele werk
that whole work
?dat hele werken
that whole working
?dat hele gewerk
that whole working
dit hele werk
this whole work
?dit hele werken
this whole working
?dit hele gewerk
this whole working
possessive
pronouns
mijn hele werk
this whole work
?mijn hele werken
this whole working
?mijn hele gewerk
this whole working

Note, however, that in the idiomatic expression in (293a) hele is combined with a nominal infinitive. That this is a nominal infinitive is evident from the fact that eten takes an NP-complement to its left; cf. Section 16.2.3.2 for the structure of such nominal infinitives. As shown in (293b), the ge-nominalization gedoefuss is also special in that it can also be preceded by hele.

293
a. Dat is het hele eieren eten.
  that is the whole eggs eat
  'That is all there is to it.'
b. Ik ben het/dat hele gedoe zat.
  I am the/that whole fuss fed.up
  'I am fed up with the/that whole fuss.'

The extent to which deverbal nouns like [-neuter] aankomstarrival and aanvangbeginning or [+neuter] beginbeginning and vertrekdeparture are compatible with postdeterminer heel depends on the interpretation of the nominalization; the examples in (294) have more or less the same status as the examples with predeterminer bare heel in (269). The discussion of the latter examples in Section 21.2.2.1, sub I, carries over seamlessly to the present examples with postdeterminer inflectible heel; heel is only possible when the referent of the noun phrase has a temporal extension, as in the primed examples.

294
a. # de hele aankomst/aanvang
  the whole arrival/beginning
a'. de hele aankomst van Sinterklaas
  the whole arrival of Saint.Nicholas
b. # het hele begin/vertrek
  the whole beginning/departure
b'. het hele begin van de film
  the whole beginning of the movie

The primeless examples in (294) are marked with a number sign because, although they are unacceptable on the intended quantificational reading of totality, they are possible on a negative polarity reading. This reading is brought to the fore by the context given in (295).

295
Toen ging ineens de hele aankomst/het hele vertrek niet door.
  then went suddenly the whole arrival/the whole departure not through
'Then all of a sudden the whole arrival/departure was cancelled.'
[+]  B.  Restrictions on accompanying determiners and quantificational elements

This subsection examines the restrictions imposed by heel on the presence of determiners and quantificational elements. The internal syntax of noun phrases is not affected by the presence of postdeterminer inflectible heel: whereas Section 21.2.2.1, sub II, found that the extent to which noun phrases are quantifiable by predeterminer bare heel is partly determined by the presence or absence of attributive modifiers of the head noun, there are no such interrelations between inflectible heel and attributive adjectives. Postdeterminer heel easily combines with noun phrases containing attributively used adjectives.

296
a. die <hele> boze/vijandige <*hele> wereld
  that whole angry/hostile world
b. de <hele> lekkere <hele> taart
  the whole nice cake

Example (296a) illustrates that heel appears to the left of the attributive adjective in its quantificational interpretations (totality, degree, or negative polarity). On its purely adjectival reading in (296b), on the other hand, heel can be placed on either side of attributive adjectives, the choice depending on contextualization; cf. Section A28.5.3 for the relative ordering of stacked adjectives. Note in passing that in (296b) hele can also be interpreted as a degree modifier of the adjective lekkere if it precedes it.

[+]  1.  Determiners

Table 14 has shown that the distribution of postdeterminer heel in its quantificational reading is tightly connected to the nature of the definite determiner that heads the noun phrase in which heel occurs. The main results are as follows. First, the determiners of the singular noun phrases in Table 14 trigger a totality reading of heel. Second, the determiners of the plural noun phrases prevent a totality reading of heel, and as a result plural examples such as de hele steden are not well-formed. Finally, the distal demonstrative diethat/those can lead to a negative polarity interpretation of postdeterminer heel, which explains why the plural noun phrase die hele steden is more or less well-formed.

The distal and proximate demonstratives can receive contrastive accent in the presence of postdeterminer heel, as shown in (297). Backward conjunction reduction and NP-ellipsis are possible in these examples, but only if hele is omitted along with the rest of the noun phrase; the overt realization of hele in these examples produces a very marginal result in the case of backward conjunction reduction and is quite impossible in the case of NP-ellipsis. In this respect postdeterminer hele behaves like beide, as discussed in Section 21.1.2.2, sub IB. -

297
a. Ik ken wel deze hele stad, maar niet die hele stad.
a'. Ik ken wel deze (??hele) ∅, maar niet die hele stad.
BCR
a''. Ik ken wel deze hele stad, maar niet die (*hele) ∅.
NP-ellipsis
  I know aff this whole town but not that whole town
b. Ik ken wel dit hele huis, maar niet dat hele huis.
b'. Ik ken wel dit (??hele) ∅, maar niet dat hele huis.
BCR
b''. Ik ken wel dit hele huis, maar niet dat (*hele) ∅.
NP-ellipsis
  I know aff this whole house but not that whole house

In singular noun phrases, postdeterminer inflectible heel easily follows possessives of all kinds, pronominal, genitive, and semi-genitival possessives alike. Heel has the quantificational semantics of totality in all examples in (298); the degree or negative polarity readings are not available in possessed noun phrases.

298
a. mijn hele vermogen/bezit
  my whole fortune/estate
b. mijn vaders hele vermogen/bezit
  my father’s whole fortune/estate
c. mijn vader z’n hele vermogen/bezit
  my father his whole fortune/estate

Table 17 shows that postdeterminer heel can also occur in indefinite singular noun phrases, provided that a determiner is present: the unacceptability of the determinerless examples indicates that, unlike quantifiers like elkevery or iedereach (cf. Section 20.2), heel cannot play the role of determiner or determiner-substitute in singular noun phrases. Table 17 also shows that heel inflects with schwa depending on the gender of the head noun, just like attributive adjectives in noun phrases with the singular indefinite article een (cf. Section 17.2, sub I); heel is used with neuter head nouns, hele with non-neuter ones.

Table 17: Postdeterminer [+Q] heel in noun phrases headed by indefinite count nouns
count nouns non-count nouns
[-neuter] [+neuter] [-neuter] [+neuter]
indefinite
article een
een hele stad
a whole town
een heel huis
a whole house
een hele ellende
a whole misery
een heel verdriet
a whole sorrow
indefinite
article
*hele stad
∅ whole town
* heel huis
∅ whole house
* hele ellende
∅ whole misery
* heel verdriet
∅ whole sorrow

Although the examples with non-count and count nouns are syntactically similar, they are semantically distinct. With count nouns, postdeterminer heel contributes a totality interpretation, whereas with non-count nouns heel receives a degree reading; an example such as een hele ellende is best rendered as quite a misery.

Example (289), repeated here as (299), finally shows that inflectible heel can occur in bare plurals. Note, however, that it is excluded in plural noun phrases in exclamative constructions of the type een \`1*hele\`1 boeken dat hij heeft!

299
∅ Hele steden/huizen werden verwoest.
  ∅ entire towns/houses were destroyed
'Entire cities/houses were destroyed.'
[+]  2.  Indefinite determiner-like elements

Postdeterminer heel can follow not only the indefinite article een, but also indefinite determiners like zo’nsuch a in (300a&b), in which heel receives a totality interpretation. Note that (300c) is unacceptable; inflectible heel apparently cannot express a “quite” degree when preceded by zo’n.

300
a. zo’n hele stad
  such a whole town
b. zo’n heel dorp
  such a whole village
c. * zo’n hele ellende
  such a whole misery

It is impossible to combine postdeterminer heel with een dergelijk(e)such a with heel to the left of dergelijk(e). With heel to the right of dergelijk(e) the result is acceptable, but only on the adjectival reading “whole, intact”. Since this reading is incompatible with the nouns stad and ellende, the examples in (301c&d) are degraded in all readings.

301
a. een <*hele> dergelijke <#hele> taart
  a whole such cake
b. een <*hele> dergelijke <#hele> appel
  a whole such apple
c. * een <hele> dergelijke <hele> stad
  a whole such town
d. * een <hele> dergelijke <hele> ellende
  a whole such misery

The examples in (302) also show that inflectible heel cannot precede the indefinite determiner-like elements dat/dit/zulk soort and zulke/dergelijke/van diesuch either. The unacceptability of the examples in (302a&b) on the intended reading is not surprising, because quantificational heel cannot normally be used in plural noun phrases; these examples allow only adjectival heel. The unacceptability of (302c&d) with heel, however, shows that the indefinite determiner-like elements under discussion are not compatible with quantificational heel; the adjectival interpretation of the postdeterminer is also ruled out because of the aforementioned incompatibility of the meaning of adjectival heel and the noun ellende.

302
a. <*hele> dat/dit/zulk soort <#hele> taarten
  whole that/this/such sort cakes
b. <*hele> zulke/dergelijke/van die <#hele> taarten
  whole such cakes
c. <*hele> dat/dit/zulk soort <*hele> ellende
  whole that/this/such sort whole misery
d. <*hele> zulke/dergelijke/van die <*hele> ellende
  whole such whole misery
[+]  3.  Quantifiers and cardinal numerals

It seems that postdeterminer inflectible heel cannot be combined with other quantifiers in its quantificational reading. It is possible for heel to follow the quantifiers enige and sommige, but then it will be interpreted as purely adjectival, meaning “whole, intact”. The same is true if heel follows the quantifiers veel and weinig.

303
a. enige/sommige (#hele) appels
  some whole apples
a'. veel/weinig (#hele) appels
  many/few whole apples
b. * enige/sommige (hele) ellende
  some whole misery
b'. veel/weinig (*hele) ellende
  much/little whole misery

Three of the four examples in (303) are excluded for independent reasons: the (a)-examples are excluded because quantificational heel cannot normally be used in plural noun phrases; (303b) is excluded because enige and sommige must be followed by a count noun. This leaves (303b') as the only evidence for the claim that quantificational heel cannot be combined with other quantifiers. However, this claim is also supported by the fact that the syntactically singular noun phrases in (304) are questionable in the intended reading: they are only acceptable with a purely adjectival interpretation of heel.

304
a. elke/iedere (#hele) appel
  every whole apple
b. elk/ieder (#heel) huis
  every whole house
c. elke/iedere (#hele) stad
  every whole town

Quantificational readings are not available for postdeterminer heel in the presence of attributively used quantifiers; example (305a), in which heel occurs to the right of the quantifiers in question, is only acceptable on the adjectival reading of heel; because the noun lijden in (305b) does not easily allow the adjectival reading of heel, its unacceptability therefore shows that a totality reading is impossible in such cases. The examples in (306) show that a negative polarity reading of heel is also impossible in this context.

305
a. die <*hele> vele/weinige/twee <hele> appels
  those whole many/few/two apples
b. * het <hele> vele/weinige <hele> lijden dat zij gedragen heeft
  the whole much/little suffering that she borne has
306
a. * Ik ken die <hele> vele/weinige/twee <hele> mensen niet.
  I know those whole many/few/two people not
b. * Ik ken die <hele> ene <hele> vent niet.
  I know that whole one guy not

Note that the sequence hele vele in (305b)(306a) can be interpreted as “very much/many”, but this is not relevant here.

[+]  4.  Personal pronouns and proper nouns

Like bare heel, inflectible heel cannot be combined with pronouns, whether to the left or to the right of them. Table (307) illustrates this only for the first case. Obvious exceptions are cases such as mijn hele ikmy whole self, where the proper noun ikI is used as a common noun.

307 Predeterminer inflectible heel and personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person *hele ik/me/mij *hele wij/ons
2nd person regular *hele jij/je/jou *hele jullie
polite *hele u
3rd person masculine *hele hij/’m/hem *hele zij/hen/hun
feminine *hele zij/’r/haar
neuter *hele het/’t

In general, inflectible heel cannot be combined with proper nouns either. However, when the proper noun is modified, as in (308b), and can thus be preceded by a determiner, inflectible heel becomes possible with a totality reading. When the distal demonstrative die is present, as in (308b'), inflectible heel can also be used as a negative polarity item, expressing condescension on the part of the speaker.

308
a. * hele Europa/Jan
  whole Europe/Jan
b. het (hele) Europa *(van voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog)
  the whole Europe from before the Second World War
b'. Ik ken die hele Jan niet.
  I know that whole Jan not

Another exception are proper nouns preceded by a definite determiner. Some examples are given in (309).

309
a. Ik ben de hele Antillen doorgereisd.
  I am the whole Antilles traveled.through
  'I have traveled through all the Antilles.'
b. Ze hebben de hele Westertoren gerestaureerd.
  they have the complete Westertoren restored
  'They have restored the complete Westertoren.'
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