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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
We close this discussion of the noun phrase internal distribution of heel/hele with a note about its morphological form. While post-determiner heel often alternates with geheel, as seen in (270a), pre-determiner bare heel never alternates with geheel in the present-day vernacular; (270b) is unacceptable. (The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal lists a variety of examples in which bare geheel linearly precedes the determiner, but these all sound archaic and/or awkward, and we will not include them here.)
a. | de | hele/gehele | wereld | |
the | whole | world |
b. | heel/*geheel | de wereld | |
all | the world |
Of the four different readings we have discerned for post-determiner heel (cf. Section 7.2.1.2), only one is readily available for geheel; the phrase de gehele taart in (271) strongly prefers a totality reading for gehele, although a purely adjectival interpretation may be marginally available as well.
de hele taart | de gehele taart | ||
adjectival | cake that has no slice missing | + | ?? |
totality | cake in its totality | + | + |
degree | quite a cake | + | — |
negative polarity | that (blasted) cake ... at all | + | — |
That gehele can sometimes have a purely adjective reading is clear from a fixed collocation like gehele getallen'numerals that are not fractions'. That we are dealing with purely adjectival geheel in this case is clear from the fact that geheel combines with the plural count noun getallen: just like quantificational heel, quantificational geheel normally cannot combine with plural count nouns.
In what follows we will illustrate the ban on degree and negative polarity readings for post-determiner geheel with reference to the types of examples used in our discussion of the semantics of post-determiner heel in Section 7.2.1.2. The discussion will show that the semantic contribution of geheel is mainly that of totality quantification; replacing heel by geheel in contexts where it does not have the core semantics of totality yields ungrammatical outputs.
For degree-heel, the difference with geheel can best be illustrated with reference to the triplet in (196), repeated here as (272) with gehele given as an alternant for heel. We see that only the third intonation contour, corresponding to the adjectival “complete/total” interpretation, is acceptable with geheel; the two other degree contours are impossible with geheel.
a. | een hele/*gehele verza—meling | high degree |
b. | een hele/*gehele verzameling | “quite” degree |
c. | een hele/gehele verzameling | adjectival: “complete” |
Accordingly, in examples of the type in (192), repeated as (273), heel does not alternate with geheel. Note that (273c) is marginally possible with geheel if it contributes totality quantification; the intended reading here is that of high degree.
a. | Dat | is | een | heel/*geheel | gedoe. | |
that | is | a | whole | hassle |
b. | Dat | is | een | hele/*gehele | toer. | |
that | is | a | whole | tour de force |
c. | Ze | maakten | een | hele/#gehele | scène. | |
they | made | a | whole | scene |
d. | Dat was een hele/*gehele | opluchting. | |
that was a whole | relief | ||
'That was quite a relief.' |
The semantic difference between een heel/hele N and een geheel/gehele N can also be held responsible for the contrast in (274). The nouns immediately following (ge)hele in this example are used quantificationally, and not referentially; cf. Section 4.1.1. Since the nouns are quantificational, degree modification is possible, but because they are non-referential, they cannot be the target of “totality” quantification by geheel/gehele.
Er | stond | een | hele/*gehele | hoop/stoet toeristen | voor | de deur. | ||
there | stood | a | whole | heap/load [of] tourists | in.front.of | the door | ||
'There were loads of tourists in front of the door.' |
The (a)-examples in (275) show that degree-like readings of hele in the examples in (200) and (205) are also unavailable for gehele, and the (b)-examples show that the same thing holds for the negative polarity reading of heel in (206).
a. | * | Jij | bent | al | een gehele vent/heer/meid/dame/bink! |
you | are | already | a whole guy/gentleman/girl/lady/tough guy |
a'. | * | Hij | is een gehele vent/kerel. |
he | is a whole guy/fellow |
b. | * | Ik | had | het gehele mens | niet | gezien. |
I | had | the whole person | not | seen |
b'. | * | Ik | was | die gehele Bert Mulder | allang | weer | vergeten. |
I | was | that whole Bert Mulder | already.long | again | forgotten |
Geheel and heel are different not only with respect to their noun phrase internal distribution but also with respect to their external syntactic distribution. We will see this in Section 7.2.3, in which the external behavior of the constituents containing heel and its alternants is discussed.
