- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
We can be brief about purely adjectival heel. The semantics of adjectival heel is rather varied. Depending on the entity it modifies, it can be translated by English adjectives like whole, intact, complete, not broken, or full. Some examples are given in (177).
a. | een | hele | taart/appel | |
a | whole | cake/apple | ||
'a cake/apple that has not been (partially) eaten or cut into slices' |
b. | een | hele | baan | |
a | whole | job | ||
'a full-time job' |
c. | een | hele | radio | |
a | whole | radio | ||
'a radio that isnʼt broken' |
Since adjectival heel attributes a property to the noun it modifies, it can best be considered a set-denoting adjective. If this is indeed the case, we would expect that it could be used in a predicative function as well. As can be seen in (178), however, this prediction is only partially borne out. Of the three examples, only (178c) seems to be fully acceptable.
a. | ?? | De taart/appel | is heel. |
the cake/apple | is whole |
b. | * | De baan | is heel. |
the job | is whole |
c. | De radio | is (weer) | heel. | |
the radio | is again | intact | ||
'The radio is intact (again).' |
Purely adjectival heel makes no quantificational contribution. There are three ways in which this can be demonstrated.
The first indication that adjectival heel is non-quantificational in nature comes from the fact that it combines with quantificational pre-determiner heel, as illustrated in the examples in (179).
a. | Heel | deze | hele | taart | is beschimmeld | (maar | die | is nog goed). | |
all | this | whole | cake | is moldy | but | that.one | is still fine | ||
'This complete cake is moldy in its entirety, but that one is still fine.' |
b. | Heel | mijn | hele | baan | wordt | wegbezuinigd. | |
all | my | whole | job | is | economized.away | ||
'My full-time job is being cut in its entirety.' |
Another indication comes from example (180). The first conjunct Hij at de hele taart is ambiguous between a quantificational and an adjectival interpretation for heel, that is, between “He ate the entire cake” and “He ate (of) the cake that was complete/had no slice missing”. The second conjunct disambiguates the example, since it contradicts the first conjunct under the quantificational reading: He ate the entire cake but not entirely.
Hij | at | de hele taart, | maar | niet | helemaal. | ||
he | ate | the whole cake | but | not | entirely | ||
'He ate [of] the cake that was complete, but he didnʼt finish it.' |
Adjectival heel alternates with half'half', which can also receive a purely adjectival interpretation and which, like adjectival heel in (179), can be combined with pre-determiner bare heel into a single noun phrase.
a. | Heel | deze halve taart | is beschimmeld. | |
all | this half cake | is moldy | ||
'This complete half cake is moldy in its entirety.' |
b. | Heel | mijn halve baan | wordt | wegbezuinigd. | |
all | my half job | is | economized.away | ||
'My half-time job is being cut in its entirety.' |
For completeness’ sake, note that predicative use of half results in a severely degraded result, just like the predicative use of heel in (178a&b).
a. | * | De cake | is half. |
the cake | is half |
b. | * | Mijn baan | is half. |
the cake | is half |
Example (183) shows that adjectival heel/half can be immediately preceded by post-determiner quantificational heel/half: although they need highly specialized contexts to be usable, these examples seem perfectly grammatical. This option unambiguously shows that a distinction should be made between adjectival and quantificational instantiations of inflectible heel (and half). Note that quantificational heel/half is always the first in sequence, the second being the purely adjectival form, which is, of course, in full conformity with the fact that post-determiner quantifiers precede attributive adjectives in Dutch.
a. | Hij | at | de | hele/halve | hele | taart. | |
he | ate | the | whole/half | whole | cake | ||
'He ate all/half of the cake that was complete.' |
b. | Hij | at | de | hele/halve | halve | taart. | |
he | ate | the | whole/half | half | cake | ||
'He ate all/half of the cake that was half.' |
