The attributive and predicative use of participles and modal infinitives has received much attention in traditional grammar, and much useful information can therefore be found in Haeseryn et al. (1997); the tests for distinguishing verbal and truly adjectival participles as well as those for distinguishing copular and passive/perfect-tense constructions are basically taken from the traditional literature. An important source for the investigation of the attributive use of participles and modal infinitives is Kester (1994a), which extensively discusses a large set of Germanic and Romance languages (including Dutch). Other important studies of the attributive and predicative use of past/passive and present participles are Hoekstra (1984a) and Bennis (2004). More information about the attributive and predicative use of modal infinitives can be found in Van Riemsdijk (1982) and Bennis (1990). Duinhoven (1985) argues that diachronically seen participles have a non-verbal base: the suffixes -end an t/d/en originate as postpositions that express, respectively, simultaneousness and completeness. Due to their adverbial use, these adpositional phrases were at some point reinterpreted as adjectival. And at yet another later stage, the use of the past participles in predicative position led to a verbal interpretation. The diversity of uses of the past and present participle discussed in this section can therefore be seen as the outcome of this diachronic process. In section V6.2.4, we will argue that Duinhovenʼs reconstruction of the diachronic origin of the past participles may support a certain view on the syntactic function of the verbs hebben 'to have' , zijn 'to be' and worden 'to be/become' in (semi-)copular, passive and perfect constructions.