/ instituut voor de Nederlandse taal / Taalportaal
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
Show all
-
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
5.5.Appendix: The syntax of R-words
quickinfo
This section concludes the discussion on R-pronominalization and R-extraction by delving more deeply into the behavior of R-words, which, strictly speaking, goes beyond the limited domain of R-pronouns. The examples in (113) start by showing that R-pronouns can also be used as locational pro-forms.
113
R-pronouns
Locational pro-forms
| a. | Jan keek | er | zojuist | naar. | |
| Jan looked | there | just.now | at | ||
| 'Jan looked at it just now.' | |||||
| a'. | Jan was er. | |
| Jan was there | ||
| 'Jan was there.' |
| b. | Jan keek | hier/daar | goed | naar. | |
| Jan looked | here/there | well | at | ||
| 'Jan looked at this/that well.' | |||||
| b'. | Jan zat hier/daar. | |
| Jan sat here/there | ||
| 'Jan was sitting here/there.' |
| c. | het boek | waar | ik | naar | keek | |
| the book | where | I | at | looked | ||
| 'the book that I looked at' | ||||||
| c'. | de stad | waar | Jan | woont | |
| the city | where | Jan | lives | ||
| 'the city where Jan is living' | |||||
| d. | Waar | keek | je | naar? | |
| what | looked | you | at | ||
| 'What did you look at?' | |||||
| d'. | Waar | woont | Jan? | |
| where | lives | Jan | ||
| 'Where does Jan live?' | ||||
| e. | Jan keek | ergens | goed | naar. | |
| Jan looked | something | well | at | ||
| 'Jan looked at something carefully.' | |||||
| e'. | Dat boek | is ergens. | |
| that book | is somewhere | ||
| 'That book is somewhere.' | |||
| f. | Jan keek | nergens | goed | naar. | |
| Jan looked | nothing | well | at | ||
| 'Jan looked at nothing carefully.' | |||||
| f'. | Dat boek | is nergens. | |
| that book | is nowhere | ||
| 'That book is nowhere.' | |||
| g. | Jan keek | overal | goed | naar. | |
| Jan looked | everywhere | well | at | ||
| 'Jan looked at everything carefully.' | |||||
| g'. | de boeken | liggen | overal. | |
| the books | lie | everywhere | ||
| 'The books are lying everywhere.' | ||||
In addition, it is shown there that the R-word er is also used as an expletive in impersonal passive and existential/presentational constructions, and as the indicator of a nominal gap in quantitative er constructions. This is shown again in (114).
114
| a. | Er | werd | gedanst. | expletive er in impersonal passive | |
| there | was | danced |
| b. | Er | waren | drie studenten | in de tuin. | expletive er in presentational constr. | |
| there | were | three students | in the garden |
| c. | Jan heeft | er [NP | drie [e]] | gekocht. | quantitative er | |
| Jan has | there | three | bought | |||
| 'Jan has bought three [e.g., books].' | ||||||
The distribution of the types of R-words in (113) and (114) interacts in various intricate ways. This interaction will be the topic of this section. Section 5.5.1 starts by discussing the difference between er and the other R-words. Section 5.5.2 continues with a discussion of the co-occurrence restrictions on the different types of R-words. Section 5.5.3 concludes this appendix by discussing the typical property of er that it can perform more than one function at the same time.
readmore
References:
Jump to:
X