The literature on wh-movement is vast, and we can only mention some of the most prominent contributions to the discussion here. The core properties of this type of movement were first described in Chomsky (1977). A detailed discussion of the so-called complementizer-trace phenomenon can be found in Chomsky & Lasnik (1977), and the object-subject asymmetry played an important role in the formulation of the Empty Category Principle in Chomsky (1981). The Superiority Condition is taken from Chomsky (1973) and was later subsumed under the Relativized Minimality Condition proposed in Rizzi (1990). Section 22.1.2 could not fully discuss all the intricacies of these movements. For example, we barely touched on the issue related to the domain from which long wh-movement is possible (cf. Huang 1982). For now, we limit ourselves to referring to the papers collected in Cheng & Corver (2006) as well as Den Dikken & Lahne (2013) for comprehensive reviews. We will return to issues related to wh-movement in V11.3.

The literature on scrambling is also extensive, but unlike the case of wh-movement, it has not yet led to a clear consensus on the nature of the operation. The existing approaches to object scrambling can be divided into three different groups, depending on whether scrambling is considered A or A'-movement, or whether it involves base-generation; a representative sample of these approaches can be found in Corver & Van Riemsdijk (1994). Webelhuth (1989/1992) showed that Dutch/German object scrambling appears to have properties of both A and A'-movement, a fact often referred to as Webelhuth’s paradox. This paradox has led to the claim that the term scrambling actually refers to (at least) two different types of movement; cf. Vanden Wyngaerd (1988/1989), Déprez (1989), Mahajan (1990/1994), Neeleman (1994a/1994b), and Broekhuis (2008). The type of scrambling discussed in Section 22.1.3 is of the A-movement type; cf. Vikner (2006/2017) and Broekhuis (2020) for a review of the literature on this movement type. For a more detailed discussion of the different kinds of scrambling in Dutch, we refer the reader to Section V13.

Again, it is not possible to give a representative overview of the literature on the expletive construction and the so-called definiteness effect. Some important contributions have already been mentioned in the bibliographical notes in Section 20.5. A more general discussion of the R-element er can be found in Section P37.

A classical study on Dutch copular constructions with a nominal predicate is Blom & Daalder (1977). More recent studies concerning nominal predicates are Moro (1997) and Den Dikken (2006); we refer the reader to these studies for additional references. There are not many studies on the adverbial use of noun phrases; our discussion on the use of noun phrases as temporal adjuncts is mainly built on the discussion found in the more traditional grammars. For the use of noun phrases as measure phrases, see Klooster (1972) and Corver (1990).

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