- Dutch
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- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
This section discusses modification of the adjectival part of the partitive genitive construction We will follow the discussion on modification of the adjective in Subsection I discusses modification of partitive genitive adjectives by intensifiers and Subsection II discusses modification by means of nominal measure phrases, subsection III continues with a discussion of equatives and comparatives, which we have argued in Chapter 4 to be a special case of modification, subsection IV, finally, discusses modification by means of complex intensifiers.
Before we start, a general property of modified partitive genitive constructions should be pointed out. Recall that Section 7.2.2 has distinguished four classes of nominal(-like) elements that may act as the first part of the partitive genitive construction: inanimate quantificational pronouns like iets 'something' , indefinite quantifier noun phrases like een heleboel 'a lot of' , quantifiers like veel 'much' , and the sequence wat voor . When we consider modification of the partitive genitive adjective, it turns out that it only yields a fully acceptable result if the nominal part is a pronoun, as is shown by the primeless examples in (99). The same thing holds for comparative formation, as is shown in the primed examples.
a. | iets | heel grappigs | |
something | very funny |
a'. | iets | grappigers | |
something | funnier |
b. | ?? | een heleboel | heel grappigs |
a lot of | very funny |
b'. | ?? | een heleboel | grappigers |
a lot of | funnier |
c. | ?? | veel | heel grappigs |
much | very funny |
c'. | ?? | veel | grappigers |
much | funnier |
d. | ?? | wat voor | heel grappigs |
what sort of | very funny |
d'. | *? | wat voor | grappigers |
what sort of | funnier |
Section 7.2.2, Sub I, has shown that the class of inanimate quantificational pronouns consists of three members: iets 'something' , niets 'nothing' and wat 'something' . These elements, too, exhibit a difference in distribution. If the partitive genitive is a non-periphrastic comparative, as in the primeless examples in (100), all three yield a fully acceptable result. However, if the partitive genitive is a periphrastic comparative, as in the primed examples of (100), the use of niets and wat leads to a marked result.
a. | iets | grappigers | |
something | funnier |
a'. | iets | minder | grappigs | |
something | less | funny |
b. | niets | grappigers | |
nothing | funnier |
b'. | ? | niets | minder | grappigs |
nothing | less | funny |
c. | wat | grappigers | |
something | funnier |
c'. | ? | wat | minder | grappigs |
something | less | funny |
The examples in (101) show that the use of niets and wat is also marked if the adjective is modified by an adverb.
a. | iets | heel | grappigs | |
something | very | funny |
b. | ? | niets | heel | grappigs |
nothing | very | funny |
c. | *? | wat | heel | grappigs |
something | very | funny |
For these reasons, the discussion in the subsections below will only consider partitive genitive adjectives that are preceded by the quantificational pronoun iets.
The examples in (102) show that partitive genitive adjectives can be modified by regular intensifiers like erg/heel/zeer'very' and vrij/nogal'rather'. As with attributive and predicative adjectives, the adverb immediately precedes the partitive genitive. Observe further that only the adjective has an -s suffix attached to it; the intensifier is not inflected.
a. | iets | zeer/vrij | merkwaardigs | |
something | very/rather | remarkable |
b. | iets | behoorlijk/nogal | zeldzaams | |
something | considerably/rather | rare |
c. | iets | heel erg | verschrikkelijks | |
something | very very | terrible |
Section 1.2 has shown that some adjectives are ambiguous between an adverbial and adjectival interpretation: goed 'well/good' and erg 'very/terrible' can either be used as an intensifier that modifies the partitive genitive, as is illustrated in the primeless examples of (103), or as a partitive genitive adjective, as in the primed examples. Despite the fact that the intensifier heel 'very' in (103c) may optionally carry the adjectival -e inflection in examples such as een hele lekkere boterham 'a very nice sandwich' (cf. Section 5.2, sub IV), it cannot be used as a predicative adjective, which correctly predicts (103c') to be ungrammatical.
a. | iets | goed | leesbaars | |
something | well | readable |
a'. | iets | goeds | |
something | good |
b. | iets | erg | kouds | |
something | very | cold |
b'. | iets | ergs | |
something | terrible |
c. | iets | heel | liefs | |
something | very | sweet |
c'. | * | iets | heels |
something | very |
Section 3.1.4, sub II, has shown that in some cases modification is also possible by means of a nominal measure phrase. This is typically the case with measure adjectives of the sort given in (104).
a. | Deze plank | is drie cm | breed. | |
this plank | is three cm | wide |
b. | Deze muur | is twee meter | hoog. | |
this wall | is two meter | high |
c. | Het gebouw | is honderd jaar | oud. | |
the building | is a.hundred year | old |
d. | *? | De kaas | is | drie kilo | zwaar. |
the cheese | is | three kilo | heavy |
Despite the fact that the modified APs act as predicates in these examples, they cannot readily be used in the partitive genitive construction. This is shown in (105). The relative judgments on the examples in (105) do more or less correspond to the judgments on the predicative constructions in (104).
a. | iets | (?drie cm) | breeds | |
something | three cm | wide |
b. | iets | (?twee meter) | hoogs | |
something | two meter | high |
c. | iets | (?honderd jaar) | ouds | |
something | a.hundred year | old |
d. | iets | (*drie kilo) | zwaars | |
something | three kilo | heavy |
It is not clear why the examples in (105) are marginal. Perhaps this is related to the fact that the intended meaning can be expressed by means of the constructions in (106), in which the nominal measure phrase is preceded by the preposition van'of'. Observe that the adjectives are not inflected with a partitive genitive -s suffix in these cases, which suggests that we are dealing here with regular noun phrases comparable to een kast van twee meter hoog'a cupboard of two meters high'.
a. | iets | van drie cm | breed | |
something | of three cm | wide |
b. | iets | van twee meter | hoog | |
something | of two meter | high |
c. | iets | van honderd jaar | oud | |
something | of a.hundred year | old |
d. | *? | iets | van drie kilo | zwaar |
something | of three kilo | heavy |
Partitive genitives derived from breed, hoog, oud and zwaar can be modified by means of a regular intensifier, as shown in (107). Section 1.3.2.2, sub ID, has shown that the measure adjectives in the copular constructions in (104) cannot be replaced by their antonyms. This is possible in the examples in (107), however, which suggests that the adjectives in (107) do not function as the “neutral" form of the measure adjectives.
a. | iets | zeer | breeds/smals | |
something | very | wide/narrow |
b. | iets | heel | hoogs/laags | |
something | very | high/low |
c. | iets | zeer | ouds/jongs | |
something | very | old/young |
d. | iets | erg | zwaars/lichts | |
something | very | heavy/light |
Considered from this perspective, the partitive genitives in (108), which are modified by the nominal phrase twee keer zo'twice as', must involve regular scalar adjectives as well. Note in passing that the primed examples show that these acceptable partitive genitive constructions do not alternate with van-constructions of the type in (106), which may support the earlier suggestion that the examples in (105) are blocked by those in (106).
a. | iets | twee keer zo | zwaars/lichts | |
something | twice as | heavy/light |
a'. | ?? | iets van twee keer zo zwaar/licht |
b. | iets | twee keer zo | groots/kleins | |
something | twice as | big/small |
b'. | ?? | iets van twee keer zo groot/klein |
The primeless examples in (109) show that comparatives and adjectives that are modified by the degree element te'too' can also be modified by nominal modifiers. The primed examples show, however, the use of such nominal modifiers yields an unacceptable result in the partitive genitive construction.
a. | Die kast | is een stuk/een beetje/vijftig gulden | duurder. | |
that cupboard | is a piece/a little/fifty guilders | more.expensive |
a'. | iets ??een stuk/*?een beetje/?vijftig gulden duurders |
b. | Die kast | is een stuk/een beetje/vijftig gulden | te duur. | |
that cupboard | is a piece/a little/fifty guilders | too expensive |
b'. | iets ??een stuk/*?een beetje/?vijftig gulden te duurs |
For completeness’ sake, (110) shows that nominal structures comparable to those in (106) are generally excluded as well. The examples with the nominal phrase vijftig gulden'fifty guilders' seem fully acceptable, which is compatible with the earlier suggestion that the partitive genitive construction may be blocked by a nominal construction of the type in (106), although it still leaves the unacceptability of een stuk and een beetje unaccounted for.
a. | iets | van | *een stuk/*een beetje/vijftig gulden | duurder | |
something | of | a piece/a little/fifty guilders | more.expensive |
b. | iets | van | *een stuk/*een beetje/vijftig gulden | te duur | |
something | of | a piece/a little/fifty guilders | too expensive |
Adjectives in the equative degree may appear in partitive genitive constructions. If they are accompanied by a comparative als-phrase, there is a slight preference to place the latter after the verb(s) in clause-final position. This is illustrated in (111).
a. | (?) | Hij | wilde | iets | even leuks | als de vorige keer | doen. |
he | wanted | something | equally nice | as the previous time | do | ||
'He wanted to do something as nice as the previous time.' |
b. | Hij wilde iets even leuks doen als de vorige keer. |
Example (109a) has already demonstrated that comparatives can be used in the partitive genitive construction. If the comparative is followed by a dan-phrase, there is again a preference to place the latter after the verb(s) in clause-final position, as shown in the (a)- and (b)-examples in (112). The (c)-examples show that the periphrastic comparatives behave in the same way as the morphologically complex ones.
a. | (?) | Hij | wilde | iets | leukers | dan de vorige keer | doen. |
he | wanted | something | nicer | than the previous time | do | ||
'He wanted to do something nicer than the previous time.' |
a'. | Hij wilde iets leukers doen dan de vorige keer. |
b. | (?) | Hij | wilde | iets | interessanters | dan die saaie lezing | horen. |
he | wanted | something | more.interesting | than that boring lecture | hear | ||
'He wanted to hear something more interesting than that boring lecture.' |
b'. | Hij wilde iets interessanters horen dan die saaie lezing. |
c. | (?) | Hij | wilde | iets | minder moeilijks | dan de vorige keer | doen. |
he | wanted | something | less difficult | than the previous time | do | ||
'He wanted to do something less difficult than the previous time.' |
c'. | Hij wilde iets minder moeilijks doen dan de vorige keer. |
The Head-final Filter on attributive adjectives, discussed in Section 5.3, sub IB, excludes attributive structures with the post-adjectival intensifier genoeg 'enough' , regardless of the place of the -e inflection; see Section 5.3, sub IIB, for a more accurate discussion.
a. | * | een | groot | genoeg | inzet | (om ...) |
a | large | enough | dedication | (to ...) |
b. | ??een groot genoege inzet (om ...) |
c. | *een grote genoeg inzet (om ...) |
d. | *een grote genoege inzet (om ...) |
Predicative constructions, on the other hand, are grammatical if the adjective is modified by genoeg: Zijn inzet was groot genoeg'His dedication was big enough'. Since we have seen that partitive genitive adjectives pattern with predicative adjectives, we expect that partitive genitive constructions are possible as well, but this expectation is not borne out: the examples in (114) show that the construction is marginal, irrespective of the position of the -s suffix.
a. | ? | iets | groot | genoegs |
something | big | enough |
b. | * | iets groots | genoeg |
c. | * | iets groot | genoeg |
d. | * | iets groots | genoegs |
Section 3.1.3, sub ID, has shown that the intensifying phrase zo A mogelijk 'as A as possible' exhibits exceptional behavior with respect to the Head-final Filter; provided that the -e ending surfaces on the intensifier, attributive use of this phrase is possible: een zo groot mogelijke inzet 'an as large as possible dedication' . Predicative use is of course also possible: zijn inzet was zo groot mogelijk 'his dedication was as large as possible' . In the partitive genitive construction, modification by this intensifying phrase is possible as well. The inflectional pattern is similar to that in the attributive structure: the -s suffix must be realized on the post-adjectival intensifier mogelijk and not on the adjective groot .
a. | iets | zo | goedkoop | mogelijks | |
something | as | cheap | as.possible |
b. | * | iets zo goedkoops | mogelijk |
c. | * | iets zo goedkoop | mogelijk |
d. | * | iets zo goedkoops | mogelijks |
The examples in (70) have already shown that scalar adjectives in the positive degree can be modified by the intensifier te'too' in the partitive genitive construction; this is illustrated again in (116a). The intensifier itself may also be modified in turn, which gives rise to the more complex constructions in (116b&c): in (116b), te is modified by veel, and in (116c), it is modified by the phrase niet al. Observe that the adjective itself cannot be modified by these elements: *iets veel/niet al duurs.
a. | Hij | kocht | iets | te duurs. | |
he | bought | something | too expensive |
b. | Hij | kocht | iets | veel | te duurs. | |
he | bought | something | far | too expensive |
c. | Hij | kocht | iets | niet al | te duurs. | |
he | bought | something | not al | too expensive |
Adjectives modified by te 'too' can optionally be followed by an infinitival degree clause; cf. Section 3.1.3, sub II. The examples in (117) show that addition of an infinitival clause yields a degraded result in the partitive genitive construction if it is placed in preverbal position; placement of the clause in postverbal position improves the result considerably. We have seen a similar effect in the comparative/superlative constructions in Subsection III.
a. | *? | dat | ik | rennen | [iets te vermoeiends | om | te doen] | vind. |
that | I | running | something too tiring | comp | to do | consider | ||
'that I consider running something too tiring to do.' |
a'. | (?) | dat ik rennen iets te vermoeiends vind om te doen. |
b. | *? | dat | hij | [iets | te kleins | om | te gebruiken] | kocht. |
that | he | something | too small | comp | to use | bought | ||
'that he bought something too little to use.' |
b'. | (?) | dat hij iets te kleins kocht om te gebruiken. |
The intensifying phrase zo A'so A' is often accompanied by a finite degree clause. Again, the partitive genitive construction is degraded if the degree clause occupies the preverbal position, whereas placement of the clause in postverbal position improves the result considerably. This is illustrated in (118).
a. | * | dat | ik | [iets | zo saais | dat | ik | ervan | in slaap | val] | moet doen. |
that | I | something | so boring | that | I | there.of | in sleep | fall | must do | ||
'that I must do something so boring that it makes me fall asleep.' |
a'. | (?) | dat ik [iets zo saais] moet doen dat ik ervan in slaap val. |
b. | * | dat | ik | [iets | zo lelijks | dat | ik | het | heb geweigerd] | aangeboden | kreeg. |
that | I | something | so ugly | that | I | it | have refused | offered | got | ||
'that I got offered something so ugly that I refused it.' |
b'. | (?) | dat ik [iets zo lelijks] aangeboden kreeg dat ik het heb geweigerd. |
Example (119a) shows that, unlike the other modifying adverbs, the element zo may also precede noun phrases such as een boek'a book', and (119b) show that it can also precede the complete partitive genitive construction. In these cases, however, zo seems to behave like a demonstrative rather than like a modifier; that it need not act as a modifier of the adjective in (119b) is clear from the fact that the adjective can be dropped without causing unacceptability.
a. | zo | een | boek (zoʼn boek) | |
such | a | book |
b. | zo | iets | (saais) | |
such | something | boring | ||
'something (boring) like that' |
Still, as is shown in (120a&b), zo in pre-pronominal position can license a degree clause, just like zo in post-determiner position; cf. the examples in (118). When we compare the primeless and primed examples in (120), it becomes clear that dropping the adjective yields a degraded result in this case. This strongly suggests that if zo is associated with a degree clause, it may modify the adjective, regardless of its position with respect to the pronoun.
a. | (?) | dat ik zo iets saais moet doen dat ik ervan in slaap val. |
a'. | * | dat ik zo iets moet doen dat ik ervan in slaap val. |
b. | (?) | dat ik zo iets lelijks aangeboden kreeg dat ik het heb geweigerd. |
b'. | * | dat ik zo iets aangeboden kreeg dat ik het heb geweigerd. |
