- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
Many of the coordination constructions to be discussed in the following subsections are ambiguous with respect to the scope of the relative clause in the sense that this clause can be taken as modifying either both conjuncts of the coordination or only the second conjunct; cf. Smits (1989: 122-129). In example (372a), for example, the relative clause can be taken to modify the coordinated structure preludes en etudes as a whole, or the second conjunct, etudes, only. We will refer to these two cases as, respectively, the coordinated and the non-coordinated antecedent reading. The following discussion will show that some examples allow both readings, some for the non-coordinated antecedent reading only, while yet others are unacceptable on either reading. Here, we will briefly sketch a number of possible ways of accounting for the ambiguity that may differ on account of two parameters: the question as to whether the two conjuncts do or do not have a determiner of their own, and the question as to whether we are dealing with a restrictive or with a non-restrictive relative clause.
If the two conjuncts each have their own determiner the analysis depends on whether the relative clause is restrictive or not.
Sentences in which each of the coordinated noun phrases has its own determiner are in principle eligible for the two analyses in (376). In (376a) it is assumed that backward conjunction reduction has taken place, which results in the coordinated antecedent reading, that is, the reading where the relative clause is interpreted as a modifier of both adjuncts. In (376b), no conjunction reduction is assumed, and in this structure the relative clause modifies only the second conjunct, which results in the non-coordinated antecedent reading. For convenience, the scope of the relative clause is indicated by boldface.
| a. | Coordinated antecedent reading:[DP D [NP [... N ...]i [RC RELi ...]]] and [DP D [NP [... N ...]j [RC RELj ...]]] |
| b. | Non-coordinated antecedent reading: | |
| [DP D [NP ... N ...]] and [DP D [NP [... N ...]j [RC RELj ...]]] |
Assuming conjunction reduction is necessary to account for the availability of the coordinated antecedent reading, since restrictive relative clauses are part of the NP-domain and hence do not take the determiner in their scope; it is therefore not possible to construct a structure in which the two conjuncts are both in the scope of the relative clause without also including at least the second determiner. Although we will see in Section 3.3.2.4.2, sub II, that the conjunction reduction analysis is not without its problems, we will provisionally adopt it since it will enable us to highlight certain problems related to the adjunction site of relative clauses.
Non-restrictive relative clauses differ markedly from the restrictive ones, in that it is never necessary to appeal to conjunction reduction in order to account for the coordinated antecedent reading; we could simply assume the structures in (377). In (377a) the relative clause modifies the two conjuncts, which is possible given that non-restrictive relative clauses do take the determiner in their scope. In (377b), on the other hand, the relative clause only modifies the second conjunct. The scope of the relative clause is again indicated by boldface.
| a. | Coordinated antecedent reading: | |
| [DP [[D [NP ... N ...]]] and [ D [NP ... N ...]]]i , [RC RELi ...]] |
| b. | Non-coordinated antecedent reading: | |
| [[DP D [NP ... N ...]]] and [DP D [NP ... N ...]i , [RC RELi ...]] |
If the two conjuncts share the same determiner, it is not necessary to appeal to conjunction reduction in order to account for the coordinated antecedent reading. In (378a), we give the structure that could be assumed for restrictive relative clauses with a coordinated antecedent reading; the structure associated with the non-coordinated antecedent reading is given in (378b). Again, the scope of the relative clause is indicated by boldface.
| a. | Coordinated antecedent reading: | |
| [DP D [NP [[... N ...] and [... N ...]]i [RC RELi ... ]]] |
| b. | Non-coordinated antecedent reading: | |
| [DP D [NP [... N ...] and [[... N ...]i [RC RELi ... ]]]] |
- 1989The relative and cleft constructions of the Germanic and Romance languagesTilburgTilburg UniversityThesis
