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- Afrikaans
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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
Example (106b) shows that stranded prepositions are normally left-adjacent to the verb(s) in clause-final position; if, for example, an adverbial phrase intervenes between the stranded preposition and the verb(s), the result is unacceptable. The same thing holds if the stranded preposition occurs in post-verbal position.
| a. | Jan heeft | <op de brief> | lang <op de brief > | moeten wachten <op de brief >. | |
| Jan has | for the letter | long | have.to wait | ||
| 'Jan had to wait for the letter a long time.' | |||||
| b. | Jan heeft | er | <*op> | lang <op> | moeten | wachten <*op>. | |
| Jan has | there | for | long | have.to | wait | ||
| 'Jan had to wait for it a long time.' | |||||||
An example such as (107b) is only an apparent exception to this general rule, since it does not involve R-extraction but movement of a complete pronominal PP. This is clear from the fact illustrated in (107c) that daar over cannot be split by, e.g., an adverbial phrase; this example contrasts sharply with the example in (107d) that does involve R-extraction.
| a. | Jan heeft | met Peter | over dat probleem | gesproken. | |
| Jan has | with Peter | about that problem | talked | ||
| 'Jan talked with Peter about that problem.' | |||||
| b. | Jan heeft [PP | daar over] | met Peter | gesproken. | |
| Jan has | there about | with Peter | talked |
| c. | * | Jan heeft | daari | gisteren [PP ti | over] | met Peter | gesproken. |
| Jan has | there | yesterday | about | with Peter | talked |
| d. | Jan heeft | daari | gisteren | met Peter [PP ti | over] | gesproken. | |
| Jan has | there | yesterday | with Peter | about | talked |
There are, however, two true exceptions to the general rule that stranded prepositions are left-adjacent to the verb(s) in clause-final position: first, a predicatively used AP or PP may intervene between the stranded preposition and the verb(s); second, if more than one stranded preposition is present, at least one of them cannot be adjacent to the verb(s).
Predicative complements, which must generally also be left-adjacent to the verb(s) in clause-final position, can intervene between the stranded preposition and the verb. As is shown in (108), generally two orders are possible; either the predicate or the stranded preposition may be adjacent to the verb. Various factors may influence the grammaticality judgments; we refer the reader to Section A6.2.2, sub III for a discussion of some of the factors that force an adjectival predicate to precede the stranded preposition.
| a. | dat | Jan het zakje | met zijn zakmes | open maakte. | |
| that | Jan the bag | with his pocketknife | open made | ||
| 'that Jan opened the bag with his pocketknife.' | |||||
| a'. | dat Jan er het zakje <mee> open <mee> maakte. |
| b. | dat Jan | de spijker | met een hamer | in de muur | sloeg. | |
| that Jan | the nail | with a hammer | into the wall | hit |
| b'. | dat Jan er de spijker <mee> in de muur <mee> sloeg. |
Section 1.3.1.5, sub II, has argued that verbal particles also act as a kind of predicate. This correctly predicts that they can also intervene between the stranded preposition and the verbs in clause-final position. Unlike the predicative phrases in (108), however, the particle cannot precede the stranded preposition.
| a. | dat | Jan Marie steeds | tot diefstal | aanzet. | |
| that | Jan Marie all.the.time | to theft | prt.-puts | ||
| 'that Jan is putting Marie up to theft all the time.' | |||||
| a'. | dat Jan Marie er steeds <toe> aan <*toe> zet. |
| b. | dat | zij | graag | voor zijn kundigheid | instaat. | |
| that | she | gladly | for his competence | prt.-vouches | ||
| 'that she gladly vouches for his competence.' | ||||||
| b'. | dat zij er graag <voor> in <*voor> staat. |
If more than one stranded preposition is present, the two compete for the position left-adjacent to the verb(s) in clause-final position. The order that is well-formed generally reflects the unmarked order of the two full prepositional phrases. This is easiest to see when one of the stranded prepositions heads a predicatively used PP, as in (110a); since the predicative phrase must be adjacent to the verb in clause-final position, the stranded preposition must also be adjacent to it. Observe that the R-word er in (110b) is interpreted as the pronominal R-word associated to both mee and in. This conflation of syntactic functions is more extensively discussed in Section 5.5.3.
| a. | dat | Jan de schroef | met een schroevendraaier | in de muur | draaide. | |
| that | Jan the screw | with a screwdriver | into the wall | turned | ||
| 'that Jan put the screw into the wall with a screwdriver.' | ||||||
| a'. | * | dat Jan de schroef in de muur met een schroevendraaier draaide. |
| b. | dat | Jan er | de schroef | mee in | draaide. | |
| that | Jan there | the screw | with into | turned |
| b'. | * | dat Jan er de schroef in mee draaide. |
