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- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Coordination and Ellipsis
- Nouns and noun phrases (JANUARI 2025)
- 15 Characterization and classification
- 16 Projection of noun phrases I: Complementation
- 16.0. Introduction
- 16.1. General observations
- 16.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 16.3. Clausal complements
- 16.4. Bibliographical notes
- 17 Projection of noun phrases II: Modification
- 17.0. Introduction
- 17.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 17.2. Premodification
- 17.3. Postmodification
- 17.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 17.3.2. Relative clauses
- 17.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 17.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 17.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 17.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 17.4. Bibliographical notes
- 18 Projection of noun phrases III: Binominal constructions
- 18.0. Introduction
- 18.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 18.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 18.3. Bibliographical notes
- 19 Determiners: Articles and pronouns
- 19.0. Introduction
- 19.1. Articles
- 19.2. Pronouns
- 19.3. Bibliographical notes
- 20 Numerals and quantifiers
- 20.0. Introduction
- 20.1. Numerals
- 20.2. Quantifiers
- 20.2.1. Introduction
- 20.2.2. Universal quantifiers: ieder/elk ‘every’ and alle ‘all’
- 20.2.3. Existential quantifiers: sommige ‘some’ and enkele ‘some’
- 20.2.4. Degree quantifiers: veel ‘many/much’ and weinig ‘few/little’
- 20.2.5. Modification of quantifiers
- 20.2.6. A note on the adverbial use of degree quantifiers
- 20.3. Quantitative er constructions
- 20.4. Partitive and pseudo-partitive constructions
- 20.5. Bibliographical notes
- 21 Predeterminers
- 21.0. Introduction
- 21.1. The universal quantifier al ‘all’ and its alternants
- 21.2. The predeterminer heel ‘all/whole’
- 21.3. A note on focus particles
- 21.4. Bibliographical notes
- 22 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- 23 Referential dependencies (binding)
- Syntax
-
- General
This section discusses infinitival clausal complements of nouns. We will see that this option is more or less restricted to non-declarative speech-act nouns, and an extremely small set of non-derived nouns.
Some, but not all, speech-act nouns can also be followed by an infinitival complement clause, which is sometimes optionally introduced by the complementizer om. Table 15 gives an indication of the possibilities.
nominal head | complement |
declaratives: mededeling ‘announcement’ | — |
yes-no questions: vraag ‘question’ | — |
wh-questions: vraag ‘question’ | de vraag hoe het probleem op te lossen ‘the question of how to solve the problem’ |
requests/suggestions/orders: verzoek ‘request’ | het verzoek (om) te (mogen) vertrekken ‘the request to be (allowed to) leave’ |
wishes, ideas, suggestions: advies ‘advice’ | het advies (om) te blijven ‘the advice to stay’ |
The primed examples in (636) show that declarative speech-act nouns do not readily accept infinitival complement clauses. Note that PRO stands for the implied subject of the infinitival clause.
a. | Jan verklaarde [PRO | onschuldig | te zijn]. | |
Jan declared | innocent | to be |
a'. | ?? | de verklaring [PRO | onschuldig | te zijn] |
the statement | innocent | to be |
b. | Jan deelde | mee [PRO | morgen | al | te vertrekken]. | |
Jan announced | prt. | tomorrow | already | to leave |
b'. | ?? | de mededeling | [PRO | morgen | al | te vertrekken] |
the announcement | [PRO | tomorrow | already | to leave |
As far as questions are concerned, it is only wh-questions that can be realized as an infinitival complement clause, which is simply a reflex of the fact that speech act verbs do not take infinitival yes/no questions either. The lack of embedded infinitival yes/no-questions may be due to the fact that there is no linker that can mark infinitival clauses as questions, that is, whereas the complementizer of'whether' can be used to formally mark a finite clause as an embedded yes/no-question, such a specialized marker is lacking for infinitival clauses: the only complementizer-like element is om.
a. | * | de vraag | [(om) PRO | te komen] |
the question | comp | to come |
b. | * | de vraag | [(om) PRO | het boek | te lezen] |
the question | comp | the book | to read |
Speech-act verbs like vragen'to ask' do take infinitival wh-questions: Jan vroeg [PRO wat te doen]'Jan asked what to do', which is probably related to the fact that the complement is now explicitly marked as a question by the wh-phrase in clause-initial position. Example (638) shows that the speech-act noun vraag can also take infinitival wh-questions as its complement. Note that the implied subject PRO can either receive an arbitrary interpretation or (optionally) be construed as coreferential with (a referent set containing) the agent of the speech-act noun.
a. | de/zijni vraag | [wat PROarb/i | te doen] | |
the/his question | what | to do |
b. | de/zijni vraag | [wie PROarb/i | in vertrouwen | te nemen] | |
the/his question | who | in confidence | to take | ||
'the question of who to take into confidence' |
Dependent wh-clauses seem restricted given that wh-phrases with an adverbial function normally give rise to a marked result. A notable exception is hoe'how', which appears very frequently in this construction; we found 432 different instantiations of the string [de vraag hoe te] on the internet. For comparison, we want to mention that we found less then twenty relevant instantiations of the string [de vraag wanneer te], and no relevant instantiations of the string [de vraag waarom te]. The examples in (639a&b) are taken form the internet; (639c) is a constructed example.
a. | de vraag | [hoe PRO | te overleven] | |
the question | how | to survive |
b. | de vraag | [wanneer PRO | te zaaien | en | te oogsten] | |
the question | when | to sow | and | to harvest |
c. | ?? | de vraag | [waarom PRO | te vertrekken] |
the question | why | to leave |
The same thing holds for interrogative pronominal PPs of the form waar + P. We searched the internet for the strings [de vraag waar+P te] for the prepositions op, in and over, and for each case we had fewer than 5 hits, which all involved the same verb. The relevant examples are given in (640).
a. | de vraag | [waarop PRO | te letten | bij brand] | |
the question | what-on | to take.care.of | in.case.of fire | ||
'the question what you should give extra attention in case of fire' |
b. | de vraag | [waarin PRO | te investeren] | |
the question | where-in | to invest | ||
'the question what to invest in' |
c. | de vraag | [waarover PRO | te schrijven] | |
the question | where-about | to write | ||
'the question what to write about' |
The facts in (638) to (640) again seem to reflect more or less what we find in the verbal domain, so we may conclude that we are dealing here with inherited arguments. It therefore does not come as a surprise that speech-act nouns derived from verbs denoting the act of asking permission or giving directions readily accept infinitival complements, given that these verbs are typically combined with infinitival clauses. In (642), the implicit subject PRO is interpreted as identical to, respectively, the agent and the goal of the speech-act noun (which may both be left implicit), just as it would be construed as coreferential with, respectively, the agent and the goal of the corresponding verb.
a. | het/Jansi | verzoek | [(om) PROi | toegelaten | te worden] | |
the/Janʼs | request | comp | admitted | to be | ||
'the/Janʼs request to be admitted' |
b. | het bevel | (aan Jani) | [(om) PROi | direct | te vertrekken] | |
the order | to Jan | comp | immediately | to leave | ||
'the order (to Jan) to leave immediately' |
Just as the verb vragen'to ask' can readily be used with the same function as verzoeken'to request' and bevelen'to order', the derived noun vraag'question' can be used with the same function as verzoek and bevel. It differs from these nouns, however, in that it requires explicit mention of the antecedent of the implied subject PRO.
a. | Jansi/?de | vraag | [(om) PROi | te mogen | vertrekken] | |
Janʼs/the | question | comp | to be.allowed | leave | ||
'Janʼs/the question to be allowed to leave' |
b. | de vraag | ?(aan Jani) | [(om) PROi | te vertrekken] | |
the question | to Jan | comp | to leave | ||
'the question (to Jan) to leave' |
Nouns derived from speech-act verbs like adviseren'to advise' or verzekeren'to assure' also give rise to a fully acceptable result. In (643a) the implicit PRO subject is coreferential with the implied agent of the noun phrase, which in turn is coreferential with the subject of the clause; the complementizer om must be omitted, just like in the corresponding verbal construction. In (643) the implicit PRO subject is coreferential with the goal of the speech-act noun.
a. | Jani gaf | ons | de PROi verzekering [PROi | voorzichtig | te zullen | zijn]. | |
Jan gave | us | the assurance | careful | to will | be |
b. | het advies | aan Jani | [(om) PROi | voorzichtig | te zijn] | |
the advice | to Jans | comp | careful | to be | ||
'the advice to Jan to be careful' |
As declarative speech-act nouns, proposition nouns denoting statements or facts seem to give rise to a marked result if they take an infinitival complement.
a. | (?) | Jan | veronderstelde [PRO | niet | te kunnen | komen]. |
Jan | supposed | not | to be.able | come | ||
'Jan supposed that he wouldnʼt be able to come.' |
a'. | *? | de veronderstelling [PRO | niet | te kunnen | komen] |
the supposition | not | to be.able | come |
b. | Jan nam aan [PRO | direct | te kunnen | beginnen]. | |
Jan assumed | directly | to be.able | begin | ||
'Jan assumed that he could begin immediately.' |
b'. | ?? | de aanname | [PRO | direct | te kunnen | beginnen] |
the assumption | [PRO | directly | to be.able | begin |
There is a very small set of non-derived nouns that can take an infinitival complement. A typical example is the noun idee'idea' in (645a): the implicit PRO argument can be interpreted arbitrarily or refer to the agent/possessor of the idea. Another potential case is wens'wish' in (645b), provided that one accepts that this noun is non-derived and can be used as input for deriving the verb wensen'to wish' instead of the relation being the other way round.
a. | het/mijni | idee | [?(om) PROarb/i | opnieuw | te beginnen] | |
the/my | idea | comp | afresh | to begin | ||
'the/my idea to start afresh' |
b. | de/mijni wens | [(om) PROarb/i | gelukkig | te zijn] | |
the/my wish | comp | happy | to be | ||
'the/my wish to be happy' |
The fact that the noun feit'fact' in (646) cannot be combined with an infinitival clause shows that not all non-derived nouns that take a finite clause can take an infinitival clause. The difference between (645a&b), on the one hand, and (646b), may be related to factivity: infinitival clauses cannot be factive. This would fit in nicely with the earlier observation that declarative speech-act and proposition nouns cannot take infinitival complements either.
a. | het feit | [dat we de maan | kunnen bereiken/hebben bereikt] | |
the fact | that we the moon | can reach/have reached |
b. | * | het feit | [(om) PRO | de maan | te kunnen bereiken/te hebben bereikt] |
the fact | comp | the moon | to can reach/to have reached |
Although some adjectives allow infinitival complements, these complements are not necessarily inherited by the deadjectival noun. Example (647) provides some examples of such clausal complements. As in the case of finite complement clauses (see examples (633) and (635)), the unacceptability of complement clauses with deadjectival nouns can be accounted for by the fact that these nouns do not denote abstract content.
a. | Jan is (er) | boos | (over) [PRO | niet uitgenodigd | te zijn]. | |
Jan is there | angry | about | not invited | to be |
a'. | * | Jans | boosheid | (erover) [PRO | niet uitgenodigd | te zijn] |
Janʼs | crossness | there-about | not invited | to be |
b. | Peter is (er) | zeker (van) [PRO | de beste | te zijn]. | |
Peter is there | certain of | the best | to be |
b'. | * | Peters | zekerheid | (ervan) [PRO | de beste | te zijn] |
Peterʼs | certainty | there-of | the best | to be |
Consider in this respect also the pairs of sentences in (648). As is shown in (648a), the adjective bang'afraid' may take an infinitival complement, preferably introduced by om. However, the deadjectival noun bangheid'fear' in (648a'), though acceptable without a complement, cannot inherit the clausal complement. In the case of the near-synonym angst(ig), on the other hand, the reverse is true. Here, the denominal adjective angstig'afraid' in (648b) cannot take a clausal complement. The basic noun angst'fear' in (648b'), however, is a (relational) proposition noun that does accept an infinitival complement clause. Finally, there are cases like the (c)-examples in (648), in which both the adjective and the derived noun accept an infinitival complement.
a. | Jan is bang | [(om) PRO | ontslagen | te worden]. | |
Jan is afraid | comp | dismissed | to be |
a'. | * | Jans | bangheid | [om PRO | ontslagen | te worden]. |
Janʼs | fear | comp | dismissed | to be |
b. | * | Jan is angstig | [om PRO | ontslagen | te worden]. |
Jan is afraid | comp | dismissed | to be |
b'. | Jans | angst | [(om) PRO | ontslagen | te worden] | |
Janʼs | fear | comp | dismissed | to be |
c. | Jan is vastberaden | [(om) PRO | de wedstrijd | te winnen]. | |
Jan is determined | comp | the match | to win |
c'. | Jans vastberadenheid | [(om) PRO | de wedstrijd | te winnen] | |
Janʼs determination | comp | the match | to win |
